Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions.
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"Electromyographic activity over fac..." refers background in this paper
...For instance, physiological measures have traditionally been viewed in social psychology as useful only in assessing general arousal and therefore as incapable of distinguishing between positive and negative affective states (eg, Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, p, 94; Schachter, 1964)—despite long-standing suggestions to the contrary: The low visibility of the affects and the difficulties to be encountered in attempting to identify the primary affects have already been described....
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"Electromyographic activity over fac..." refers background in this paper
...There is now a growing literature on these facial configurations (a) supporting Darwins (1872/1965) notions regarding their evolutionary history and adaptive utility (eg, Ekman, 1972, 1982a; Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1982), (b) highlighting their capacity as social stimuli (eg, Englis, Vaughan, & Lanzetta, 1982; Lanzetta & Orr, 1980, 1981; Sorce, Emde, Campos, & Klinnert, 1981), and (c) documenting the associated movements accompanying intrapersonal processes such as silent language processing and emotion (see recent reviews by Ekman & Oster, 1979; Fridlund, Ekman, & Oster, in press; McGuigan, 1978; Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981)....
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