Electronics, Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems for the INO ICAL Experiment
22 May 2017-Vol. 212, pp 291-295
TL;DR: The Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO) has proposed construction of a 50k ton magnetized Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) in an underground laboratory located in South India as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) [1] has proposed construction of a 50k ton magnetised Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) in an underground laboratory located in South India. Main aims of this, now funded project are to precisely study the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and to determine the ordering of neutrino masses [2]. The detector will deploy about 28,800 glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of approximately 2 m × 2 m in area.
Citations
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TL;DR: A low power, compact multi-channel single-shot time-to-digital converter capable of handling multiple hits per channel designed to meet the requirements of the iron calorimeter detector in the India-based neutrino observatory.
Abstract: This paper presents the design of a low power, compact multi-channel single-shot time-to-digital converter (TDC) capable of handling multiple hits per channel. The system has 17 hit channels and 1 trigger channel and is designed to meet the requirements of the iron calorimeter detector in the India-based neutrino observatory. The TDC core consists of a delay chain stabilized by a delay-locked loop (DLL) and synchronous counters. The digital backend is programmable to allow for multiple configurations during the operation. The common core to all channels with concurrent accessibility, choice of core clock frequency optimizing the trade-offs between performance, power and area, and optimal backend logic result in a compact and low power design. It achieves a single-shot precision better than 65 ps. The $0.13\,\mathrm {\mu m}$ chip occupies an active area of 3.72mm2 and consumes 3.4mW per channel. This paper also reviews the theory on how timing precision is defined for a single-shot TDC and explains how the test plan can be devised based on the jitter in the system.
9 citations
Additional excerpts
...atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters [12]....
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21 Feb 2021-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: The TDC ASIC is designed to meet the India-based Neutrino Observatory experimental requirements and has the resolution of ∼ 120 ps (LSB) and precision ( σ ) of less than 70 ps across the channels.
Abstract: This paper describes the implementation of a multi-hit, multi-channel, multi-mode time-to-digital converter ASIC implemented in 0. 35 μ m commercial CMOS technology. The ASIC is designed to meet the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) experimental requirements. The ASIC has eight channels, each channel capable of handling four hits: a pair of rising and falling edges. The core TDC channels are designed using Vernier ring oscillator method which provides high resolution and large dynamic range simultaneously. Each channel has an in-built separate calibration capable of determining the period of oscillators with an accuracy of few picoseconds. The TDC ASIC has both serial and parallel interfaces. The TDC has a selectable dynamic range of 4 μ s, 16 μ s, 32 μ s & 64 μ s. The conversion time for each hit measurement is maximum ∼ 500 ns. The TDC ASIC is tested and has the resolution of ∼ 120 ps (LSB) and precision ( σ ) of less than 70 ps across the channels. The measured values of differential non-linearity (DNL) is [−0.459, 0.510] LSB and the integral non-linearity over 4 μ s dynamic range is [−0.0156, 0.0154] % of the full scale.
3 citations
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TL;DR: An experimental setup consisting of 12 layers of glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of size 2 m × 2 m has been built at IICHEP-Madurai as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An experimental setup consisting of 12 layers of glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of size 2 m × 2 m has been built at IICHEP-Madurai (9∘56
$^{\prime }$
14.5
$^{\prime \prime }$
N 78∘0
$^{\prime }$
47.9
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E) to study the long term performance and stability of RPCs produced on a large scale in Indian industry. This setup has been collecting data triggered by the passage of charged particles. The measurement of the multiplicity of charged particles due to cosmic ray interactions are presented here. Finally, the results are compared with different hadronic models of the CORSIKA simulation.
2 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the azimuthal dependence of muon flux at various zenith angles at Madurai **** and at an altitude of 160 m above mean sea level has been presented along with the comparison of Monte Carlo from CORSIKA and HONDA predictions.
Abstract: The proposed 50 kton INO-ICAL experiment is an upcoming underground high energy physics experiment planned to be commissioned at Bodi hills near Theni, India *, ** to study various properties of neutrino oscillations using atmospheric neutrinos produced by extensive air shower phenomenon. The resistive plate chamber has been chosen as the active detector element for the proposed INO-ICAL. An experimental setup consisting a stack of 12 layers of glass resistive plate chambers each with a size of *** m has been built at IICHEP, Madurai to study the performance and long-term stability of the resistive plate chambers(RPCs) commercially produced in large quantities by the Indian industries as well as its electronics for the front-end and subsequent signal processing. In this study, the azimuthal dependence of muon flux at various zenith angles at Madurai **** and at an altitude of 160 m above mean sea level) has been presented along with the comparison of Monte Carlo from CORSIKA and HONDA predictions.
2 citations
Cites background from "Electronics, Trigger and Data Acqui..."
...The detailed description of signal processing and Data Acquisition system (DAQ) can be found in [10], [11] and [12]....
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...CORSIKA(QG) CORSIKA(SF) CORSIKA(SU) HONDA [0-18] θ...
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...5 2 [0-18] θ...
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TL;DR: An experimental setup consisting of 12 layers of glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of size 2\,m\,$\times$\,2/m has been built at IICHEP-Madurai (\ang{9;56;14.5}\,N \ang{78;00;47.9}\,E, on the surface) to study the long term performance and stability of RPCs produced on large scale in Indian industry as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An experimental setup consisting of 12 layers of glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of size 2\,m\,$\times$\,2\,m has been built at IICHEP-Madurai (\ang{9;56;14.5}\,N \ang{78;00;47.9}\,E, on the surface) to study the long term performance and stability of RPCs produced on large scale in Indian industry. This setup has been collecting data triggered by the passage of charged particles. The measurement of the multiplicity of charged particles due to cosmic ray interactions are presented here. Finally, the results are compared with different hadronic models of the CORSIKA simulation.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the physics potential of the ICAL detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations and gave the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime.
Abstract: The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.
151 citations
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Panjab University, Chandigarh1, University of Calicut2, Homi Bhabha National Institute3, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics4, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre5, Indian Institute of Technology Madras6, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay7, University of Calcutta8, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research9, Harish-Chandra Research Institute10, University of Delhi11, University of Mysore12, Physical Research Laboratory13, University of Lucknow14, Aligarh Muslim University15, University of Kashmir16, Jawaharlal Nehru University17, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre18, American College, Madurai19, Utkal University20, Banaras Hindu University21
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the physics potential of the ICAL detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations and gave the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime.
Abstract: The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.
116 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a novel (G ∼ ε/G)-expansion method is successfully applied to construct the abundant travelling wave solutions to the KdV-mKdV equation with the aid of symbolic computation.
Abstract: In this article, the novel (G
′/G)-expansion method is successfully applied to construct the abundant travelling wave solutions to the KdV–mKdV equation with the aid of symbolic computation. This equation is one of the most popular equation in soliton physics and appear in many practical scenarios like thermal pulse, wave propagation of bound particle, etc. The method is reliable and useful, and gives more general exact travelling wave solutions than the existing methods. The solutions obtained are in the form of hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions including solitary, singular and periodic solutions which have many potential applications in physical science and engineering. Many of these solutions are new and some have already been constructed. Additionally, the constraint conditions, for the existence of the solutions are also listed.
17 citations
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TL;DR: Chandrashekar et al. as discussed by the authors presented an effective Hamiltonian approach for discrete time quantum random walk, which can be written as the sum of a Weyl Hamiltonian and a Dirac comb potential.
Abstract: In this article we present an effective Hamiltonian approach for discrete time quantum random walk. A form of the Hamiltonian for one-dimensional quantum walk has been prescribed, utilizing the fact that Hamiltonians are generators of time translations. Then an attempt has been made to generalize the techniques to higher dimensions. We find that the Hamiltonian can be written as the sum of a Weyl Hamiltonian and a Dirac comb potential. The time evolution operator obtained from this prescribed Hamiltonian is in complete agreement with that of the standard approach. But in higher dimension we find that the time evolution operator is additive, instead of being multiplicative (see Chandrashekar, Sci. Rep. 3, 2829 (18)). We showed that in the case of two-step walk, the time evolution operator effectively can have multiplicative form. In the case of a square lattice, quantum walk has been studied computationally for different coins and the results for both the additive and the multiplicative approaches have been compared. Using the graphene Hamiltonian, the walk has been studied on a graphene lattice and we conclude the preference of additive approach over the multiplicative one.
12 citations