Electrophysiological examination of Formal Thought Disorder in schizophrenia.
TL;DR: Quantitave EEG profile was recorded for 60 age and sex matched drug free/naive schizophrenia patients, divided into two groups based on the presence and absence of Formal Thought Disorder and a group of 30 matched healthy participants to interpret neural dis-connection which in FTD can be attributed to the existence of both a deficit and excess of neural connections, which compensate each other.
Abstract: Quantitave EEG profile was recorded for 60 age and sex matched drug free/naive schizophrenia patients, divided into two groups based on the presence and absence of Formal Thought Disorder (FTD) and a group of 30 matched healthy participants. Coherence and power spectrum analysis revealed that as compared to normal controls, schizophrenia patients with FTD had decreased regional power and intra hemispheric coherence; those without FTD had increased regional power and increased intra hemispheric coherence. Inter hemispheric coherence was greater in schizophrenia patients with FTD and lesser in those without FTD, as compared to healthy participants. The data were interpreted in terms of neural dis-connection which in FTD can be attributed to the existence of both a deficit and excess of neural connections, which compensate each other.
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TL;DR: Recent advances in applying EEG to study pathophysiology, phenomenology, and treatment response in schizophrenia are discussed and potential EEG biomarkers of schizophrenia and its symptoms are reviewed.
Abstract: Clinical experience and research findings suggest that schizophrenia is a disorder comprised of multiple genetic and neurophysiological subtypes with differential response to treatment. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive, inexpensive and useful tool for investigating the neurobiology of schizophrenia and its subtypes. EEG studies elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms potentially underlying clinical symptomatology. In this review article recent advances in applying EEG to study pathophysiology, phenomenology, and treatment response in schizophrenia are discussed. Investigative strategies employed include: analyzing quantitative EEG (QEEG) spectral power during the resting state and cognitive tasks; applying machine learning methods to identify QEEG indicators of diagnosis and treatment response; and using the event-related brain potential (ERP) technique to characterize the neurocognitive processes underlying clinical symptoms. Studies attempting to validate potential EEG biomarkers of schizophrenia and its symptoms, which could be useful in assessing familial risk and treatment response, are also reviewed.
21 citations
TL;DR: Primary care providers in this study generally believed a genetic test to aid in AUD treatment planning would be useful, due to its potential to hone treatment choice as well as to influence patient motivation and adherence to treatment.
Abstract: Background Efforts to identify genetic moderators of pharmacotherapy response have generated interest in clinical applications of pharmacogenetic tests in alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. To date, no research on providers' interest in using pharmacogenetic tests in the context of AUD treatment has been reported. We conducted qualitative interviews with primary care providers from 5 clinics in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) to assess their interest in using a hypothetical genetic test to inform treatment of AUD with pharmacotherapy. Methods Key contacts were used to recruit 24 providers from 5 primary care clinics associated with a single large VA medical facility. Participants completed 30-minute in-person semi-structured interviews focused on barriers and facilitators to provision of pharmacotherapy for AUD. Interviews included a hypothetical scenario regarding the availability of a genetic test to inform AUD pharmacotherapy provision and/or selection. Provider responses to the hypothetical scenario were recorded, transcribed and analyzed qualitatively using inductive content analysis. Data were independently coded by three investigators, and themes were identified via consensus. Results Participants were generally interested in a genetic test to aid in AUD treatment planning. Five common themes were identified, including: perceived benefits of a pharmacogenetic test (e.g., aiding with therapeutic choice, positively impacting patient motivation for and engagement with AUD treatment), perceived drawbacks (e.g., limiting potential benefits of pharmacotherapy by reducing the target population for its receipt, adverse impacts of "negative" results), caveats to clinical utility (e.g., utility would depend on prognostic accuracy and/or medication characteristics), uncertainty as to whether such a test would impact clinical decision-making, and pragmatic barriers to use (costs and other resources, such as laboratory facilities). Conclusions Primary care providers in this study generally believed a genetic test to aid in AUD treatment planning would be useful, due to its potential to hone treatment choice as well as to influence patient motivation and adherence to treatment. However, providers acknowledged that a test's utility would depend on the strength of its prognostic characteristics, its other benefits relative to standard care, and lack of pragmatic barriers.
7 citations
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TL;DR: The resting EEG coherence was significantly reduced between various electrode pairs in schizophrenia patients in delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2and gamma frequency bands as compared to healthy controls.
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. The oscillatory pattern of electrical activity generated by synchronized neuronal firing at rest might help in identifying the subjects of schizophrenia. Though various studies have tried to assess the underlying functional connectivity and its impairment in the patients of schizophrenia, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study was conducted in the Department of Physiology in collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry, S. M. S. Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan). Twenty-one newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients aged 18-40 years from Psychiatry OPD were recruited as cases and an equal no. of age matched healthy subjects were recruited as controls from the accompanying attendants of patients. The inter and intra-hemispheric coherence among various brain areas was evaluated in delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2and gamma frequency bands. The resting EEG coherence was significantly reduced between various electrode pairs in schizophrenia patients in delta (C3-P3, P3-T3, F3-P3&P3-P4), theta (C3-P3, P3-T3, F3-P3&P3-P4), alpha-1(C3-P3, P3-T3& C4T4), alpha-2 (C3-P3, P3-T3&C4-T4) and gamma (C3-P3& P3-P4) frequency bands as compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia patients exhibit functional dysconnectivity in frontal, central, parietal and temporal regions that might underlie the impaired thought process in schizophrenia patients, especially in the left hemisphere.
Cites background from "Electrophysiological examination of..."
...Ray and Ram (2012) suggested both a deficit and excess in neural connections that may be attributable to a compensatory change in schizophrenics with formal thought disorder....
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References
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TL;DR: Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.
Abstract: The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.
18,358 citations
"Electrophysiological examination of..." refers background in this paper
...Kay et al. (1987) had conceived a ‘‘bipolar composite scale’’ to express the direction and magnitude of the difference between positive and negative symptoms, by subtracting the negative subscale score from the positive subscale score, which ranges from ‘‘ 42 to +42’’....
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...…distinct syndrome, with unique neurophysiological as well as psycho-social correlates (Goldman-Rakic, 1994; Wing and Brown, 1997), presence of negative symptoms was ruled out based on the presence of a negative composite score in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1987)....
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...As negative symptoms of schizophrenia have been differentially hypothesized to indicate a distinct syndrome, with unique neurophysiological as well as psycho-social correlates (Goldman-Rakic, 1994; Wing and Brown, 1997), presence of negative symptoms was ruled out based on the presence of a negative composite score in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1987)....
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Book•
01 Jun 1968
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Abstract: It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1 book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.
3,803 citations
TL;DR: Experimental evidence for a novel form of persistent synaptic plasticity called metaplasticity is reviewed, which might involve alterations in NMDA-receptor function in some cases, but there are many other candidate mechanisms.
Abstract: In this paper, we review experimental evidence for a novel form of persistent synaptic plasticity we call metaplasticity. Metaplasticity is induced by synaptic or cellular activity, but it is not necessarily expressed as a change in the efficacy of normal synaptic transmission. Instead, it is manifest as a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation or depression. Thus, metaplasticity is a higher-order form of synaptic plasticity. Metaplasticity might involve alterations in NMDA-receptor function in some cases, but there are many other candidate mechanisms. The induction of metaplasticity complicates the interpretation of many commonly studied aspects of synaptic plasticity, such as saturation and biochemical correlates.
1,507 citations
"Electrophysiological examination of..." refers background in this paper
...Abrahams and Bear (1996) coined ‘‘metaplasticity’’ to explain this modifiability in synaptic plasticity....
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...The theory of Andreasen et al. (1999), also suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by ‘‘cognitive dysmetria’’, a disruption in the timing and integration of information related to thought and speech....
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TL;DR: Support for the general hypothesis that the human brain localizes mental operations of the kind posited by cognitive theories is integrated in the performance of cognitive tasks such as reading comes from studies in mental imagery, timing, and memory.
Abstract: The human brain localizes mental operations of the kind posited by cognitive theories. These local computations are integrated in the performance of cognitive tasks such as reading. To support this general hypothesis, new data from neural imaging studies of word reading are related to results of studies on normal subjects and patients with lesions. Further support comes from studies in mental imagery, timing, and memory.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the working memory processor as a specialization of prefrontal cortex and argues that the different areas within prefrontal cortex represent iterations of this function for different information domains, including spatial cognition, object cognition and additionally, in humans, semantic processing.
Abstract: The functional architecture of prefrontal cortex is central to our understanding of human mentation and cognitive prowess. This region of the brain is often treated as an undifferentiated structure, on the one hand, or as a mosaic of psychological faculties, on the other. This paper focuses on the working memory processor as a specialization of prefrontal cortex and argues that the different areas within prefrontal cortex represent iterations of this function for different information domains, including spatial cognition, object cognition and additionally, in humans, semantic processing. According to this parallel processing architecture, the 'central executive' could be considered an emergent property of multiple domain-specific processors operating interactively. These processors are specializations of different prefrontal cortical areas, each interconnected both with the domain-relevant long-term storage sites in posterior regions of the cortex and with appropriate output pathways.
1,018 citations
"Electrophysiological examination of..." refers background in this paper
...As negative symptoms of schizophrenia have been differentially hypothesized to indicate a distinct syndrome, with unique neurophysiological as well as psycho-social correlates (Goldman-Rakic, 1994; Wing and Brown, 1997), presence of negative symptoms was ruled out based on the presence of a negative composite score in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al....
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...augmented low frequency power and diminished alpha band power (Iacono, 1985; Sponheim et al., 1994). Liemburg et al. (2012) investigated resting state network connectivity of the auditory, language and attention networks and observed decreased connectivity in patients, as compared to controls, between auditory and language networks....
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