Elektri̇ksel kas uyarimlarinin bi̇yoki̇myasal, fi̇zyoloji̇k ve nöral mekani̇zmasi
31 Mar 2019-Vol. 17, Iss: 1, pp 1-19
TL;DR: In this article sportif performans artisi saglamanin yaninda rehabilitasyon amacli yaygin olarak kullanilan elektriksel kas uyarim yontemi ya da diger adiyla elektromyostimulasyon (EMS) deri uzerinden kas ya da sinir bolgelerine elektrotlar araciligiyla uygulanan eletechriksel akimlarla kas kontraksiyonu elde etme ve bu
Abstract: Sportif performans artisi saglamanin yaninda rehabilitasyon amacli yaygin olarak kullanilan elektriksel kas uyarim yontemi ya da diger adiyla elektromyostimulasyon (EMS) deri uzerinden kas ya da sinir bolgelerine elektrotlar araciligiyla uygulanan elektriksel akimlarla kas kontraksiyonu elde etme ve bu yolla hizli motor unitelerin yavas motor unitelerle beraber senkronize katilimiyla antrene edilerek, fiziksel performansta fonksiyonel artislar elde etme amacli kullanilan konvansiyonel olmayan bir egzersiz metodudur. Bu sekilde EMS’nin hem sinir dallari hem de kas liflerinde iyon hareketini tetikleyerek aksiyon potansiyeli olusturmasi, motor ve duyusal noral girdilerle spinal ve supraspinal merkezleri aktive etmesi ve ayrica antrenman sureci sonrasi hipertrofisiz kuvvet kazanimlari ile unilateral EMS sonucu kontrolateral kasta da kuvvet kazanimlarinin ortaya cikmasi EMS’nin noromuskuler sisteme biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral etkileri oldugu dusuncesini desteklemektedir. Bu nedenle EMS’nin insan vucuduna etkileri altinda yatan biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral mekanizmalarini incelemeye odaklanmis olan bu derlemede ilk olarak EMS’nin tarihsel gelisimine deginilmis sonraki kisimda ise EMS’nin biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral mekanizmalari incelenmistir. Bu calismanin amaci EMS’nin insan vucuduna etkileri altinda yatan mekanizmalarin ortaya konarak bu yolla sportif performans ve rehabilitasyon amacli kullanimini daha net ve daha bilimsel temellere dayanarak daha EMS uygulamalarinin etkin kullanimina katkida bulunmaktadir.
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TL;DR: The present paper is concerned with the central part of the motoneuron and the significance of its size in synaptic transmission and asks whether the cell bodies (and dendrites) connected with large and small motor fibers have different functional properties which can be recognized by their discharge characteristics.
Abstract: SINCE THE BEGINNINGS OF NEUROHISTOLOGY it has been recognized that neurons within the central nervous system vary widely in size, but the functional significance of this basic observation has never emerged from the realm of speculation. The largest cells have surface areas which are at least 100, perhaps 1,000, times greater than those of the smallest cells. Correspondingly, the diameters of axons in the central and peripheral portions of the nervous system range from less than .25 p. to more than 20 c-c. This broad spectrum of physical dimensions invites a search for functional correlates. This is one of a series of studies on the problem of size as it relates to spinal motoneurons. The preceding papers (21, 25) were concerned chiefly with the peripheral part of the motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. They provided experimental evidence that the diameter of a motor nerve fiber is related to the number of muscle fibers it supplies. This finding seemed to make good sense: if a motor fiber innervates many muscle fibers and forms a large motor unit, it must have sufficient axonal substance to give off a large number of terminals. The present paper is concerned with the central part of the motoneuron and the significance of its size in synaptic transmission. It asks whether the cell bodies (and dendrites) connected with large and small motor fibers have different functional properties which can be recognized by their discharge characteristics. In order to investigate this problem one must be able to distinguish the signals of a large motoneuron from those of a small one. This may be done by recording their action potentials from thin filaments of lumbar ventral roots. As Gasser (8) demonstrated, the amplitudes of nerve impulses recorded externally from peripheral nerves are directly related to the diameters of their fibers. If it may be assumed that the diameters of axons are also related to the sizes of their cell bodies, as scattered histo-
2,232 citations
TL;DR: The physical basis for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue, as used by electrophysiological researchers and clinicians in functional electrical stimulation, is presented with emphasis on the fundamental mechanisms of charge injection at the electrode/tissue interface.
1,875 citations
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01 Jan 1995
1,613 citations
TL;DR: In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, ...
741 citations
TL;DR: The present data suggest that the increase in motoneuronal output induced by resistance training may comprise both supraspinal and spinal adaptation mechanisms (i.e., increased central motor drive, elevated motoneuron excitability, reduced presynaptic inhibition).
Abstract: Combined V-wave and Hoffmann (H) reflex measurements were performed during maximal muscle contraction to examine the neural adaptation mechanisms induced by resistance training. The H-reflex can be...
626 citations