ELENA: A low-cost portable electronic nose for alcohol characterization
01 Oct 2017-pp 1-3
TL;DR: This work focuses on determination of alcohols in different concentrations in trace quantities using an electronic nose technology — ELENA, a portable device which consists of an array of sensors inside a sensor chamber, with a pin hole inlet, whose output is connected to a data acquisition and pattern recognition system.
Abstract: While detection of alcohols in trace quantities is useful in a variety of commercial, industrial, environmental and defense applications, it plays a very crucial role in biomedical applications. Concentration of alcohols of as low as 0.4% methanol in 40% ethanol in blood is considered to be lethal and can lead to serious health issues. Developing a low cost highly accurate and a portable device to detect alcohol concentrations has always remained a challenge. Modern day solutions either require sophisticated equipment or unable to estimate concentrations with high accuracy. This work focuses on determination of alcohols in different concentrations in trace quantities using an electronic nose technology — ELENA. It is a portable device which consists of an array of sensors inside a sensor chamber, with a pin hole inlet, whose output is connected to a data acquisition and pattern recognition system. The pattern recognition system utilizes a neural network to estimate the concentration of alcohol in the provided sample. The entire setup has been validated for sensitivity and specificity.
Citations
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TL;DR: The development of compact e-nose design and calculation over the last few decades is reviewed, possible future trends are discussed, and the development of on-chip calculation and wireless computing is focused on.
Abstract: An electronic nose (e-nose) is a measuring instrument that mimics human olfaction and outputs ‘fingerprint’ information of mixed gases or odors. Generally speaking, an e-nose is mainly composed of two parts: a gas sensing system (gas sensor arrays, gas transmission paths) and an information processing system (microprocessor and related hardware, pattern recognition algorithms). It has been more than 30 years since the e-nose concept was introduced in the 1980s. Since then, e-noses have evolved from being large in size, expensive, and power-hungry instruments to portable, low cost devices with low power consumption. This paper reviews the development of compact e-nose design and calculation over the last few decades, and discusses possible future trends. Regarding the compact e-nose design, which is related to its size and weight, this paper mainly summarizes the development of sensor array design, hardware circuit design, gas path (i.e. the path through which the mixed gases to be measured flow inside the e-nose system) and sampling design, as well as portable design. For the compact e-nose calculation, which is directly related to its rapidity of detection, this review focuses on the development of on-chip calculation and wireless computing. The future trends of compact e-noses include the integration with the internet of things, wearable e-noses, and mobile e-nose systems.
47 citations
Cites methods from "ELENA: A low-cost portable electron..."
...Murugan et al [159] also present a multi-layer BP-NN algorithm for a compact e-nose, and the network is modelled using LabVIEW....
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...After the training is completed, the weights and biases of the neurons are programmed in the e-nose microcontroller, and it becomes a portable instrument that can give the gas composition analysis results directly on the LCD. Murugan et al [159] also present a multi-layer BP-NN algorithm for a compact e-nose, and the network is modelled using LabVIEW....
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TL;DR: In this paper , a bibliometric analysis of recent articles addressing the applications of e- noses with particular emphasis on those dealing with fuel-related products is presented, where the authors identify the countries, research organizations, authors and disciplines that were most prolific in the area, together with the most cited articles and the most frequent keywords.
Abstract:
Purpose
This study aims to describe a bibliometric analysis of recent articles addressing the applications of e- noses with particular emphasis on those dealing with fuel-related products. Documents covering the general area of e-nose research and published between 1975 and 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science database, and peer-reviewed articles were selected and appraised according to specific descriptors and criteria.
Design/methodology/approach
Analyses were performed by mapping the knowledge domain using the software tools VOSviewer and RStudio. It was possible to identify the countries, research organizations, authors and disciplines that were most prolific in the area, together with the most cited articles and the most frequent keywords. A total of 3,921 articles published in peer-reviewed journals were initially retrieved but only 47 (1.19%) described fuel-related e-nose applications with original articles published in indexed journals. However, this number was reduced to 38 (0.96%) articles strictly related to the target subject.
Findings
Rigorous appraisal of these documents yielded 22 articles that could be classified into two groups, those aimed at predicting the values of key parameters and those dealing with the discrimination of samples. Most of these 22 selected articles (68.2%) were published between 2017 and 2021, but little evidence was apparent of international collaboration between researchers and institutions currently working on this topic. The strategy of switching energy systems away from fossil fuels towards low-carbon renewable technologies that has been adopted by many countries will generate substantial research opportunities in the prediction, discrimination and quantification of volatiles in biofuels using e-nose.
Research limitations/implications
It is important to highlight that the greatest difficulty in using the e-nose is the interpretation of the data generated by the equipment; most studies have so far used the maximum value of the electrical resistance signal of each e-nose sensor as the only data provided by this sensor; however, from 2019 onwards, some works began to consider the entire electrical resistance curve as a data source, extracting more information from it.
Originality/value
This study opens a new and promising way for the effective use of e-nose as a fuel analysis instrument, as low-cost sensors can be developed for use with the new data analysis methodology, enabling the production of portable, cheaper and more reliable equipment.
09 Nov 2018
TL;DR: Results show that neural networks trained with Ant Colony algorithm will give successful results in classification of gases such as alcohol and carbon monoxide.
Abstract: The classification of electronic noses data and odors is an issue that needs to be taken to a higher level in industry, science and health. Because of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things is todays popular subject, it reinforces this proposal. In this study, the classification of alcohol and carbon monoxide gases which can be used frequently in industry and health fields has been classified. In order for the classification to be successful, neural networks were trained by the help of heuristic algorithms and more successful results than traditional methods have gained. Neural networks, especially trained with the Ant Colony algorithm, have achieved the best classification success in both training and test data. These results show that neural networks trained with Ant Colony algorithm will give successful results in classification of gases such as alcohol and carbon monoxide.
Additional excerpts
...çalışmasında alkol karakteristiğinin analizinde elektronik burun kullanıldığı görülmektedir [6]....
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References
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TL;DR: The human nose is still the primary instrument used to assess the smell or flavour of various industrial products today, despite considerable and sustained attempts to develop new electronic instrumentation capable of mimicking its remarkable ability as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The human nose is still the primaryinstrument' used to assess the smell or flavour of various industrial products today, despite considerable and sustained attempts to develop new electronic instrumentation capable of mimicking its remarkable ability In this paper we review the research effort that has been carried out over the past 25 years or so to create an electronic nose Indoing so, we first provide a definition for the term electronic nose, and then discuss some of the technologies that have been explored in what is essentially an intelligent chemical array sensor systemwe summarize the applications of electronic noses to date and suggest where future applications may lie
1,079 citations
"ELENA: A low-cost portable electron..." refers background in this paper
...ELENA comprises of a sampling system, an array of chemical sensors, a data acquisition system and a pattern recognition system [8]...
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TL;DR: It has been shown that the method is readily applicable to determination of instantaneous concentrations of the analytes in natural and industrial atmosphere and to their monitoring in human breath which is important for medical and hygienic practice.
61 citations
"ELENA: A low-cost portable electron..." refers background in this paper
...the Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) present in the air exhaled by a person [2]....
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TL;DR: The developed E-nose prototype possessed good discriminative ability whereby it was able to produce different patterns for different beverages, different milk heat treatments (ultra high temperature, pasteurization) and fresh and spoiled milks.
Abstract: This paper reports the design of an electronic nose (E-nose) prototype for reliable measurement and correct classification of beverages. The prototype was developed and fabricated in the laboratory using commercially available metal oxide gas sensors and a temperature sensor. The repeatability, reproducibility and discriminative ability of the developed E-nose prototype were tested on odors emanating from different beverages such as blackcurrant juice, mango juice and orange juice, respectively. Repeated measurements of three beverages showed very high correlation (r > 0.97) between the same beverages to verify the repeatability. The prototype also produced highly correlated patterns (r > 0.97) in the measurement of beverages using different sensor batches to verify its reproducibility. The E-nose prototype also possessed good discriminative ability whereby it was able to produce different patterns for different beverages, different milk heat treatments (ultra high temperature, pasteurization) and fresh and spoiled milks. The discriminative ability of the E-nose was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis and a Multi Layer Perception Neural Network, with both methods showing good classification results.
53 citations
Additional excerpts
...All these methods are time consuming, expensive, need skilled labour and are not portable [6]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a new and simple strategy for the simultaneous determination of ethanol and methanol in fuel ethanol using cyclic voltammetry at a gold electrode is reported, where a fuel ethanol aliquot was added into an electrochemical cell containing 0.5 mol L −1 NaOH and 0.1% of methanols.
51 citations
"ELENA: A low-cost portable electron..." refers background in this paper
..., [4] developed new strategy for simultaneous determination of ethanol and methanol in fuel Fig....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new sampling protocol was developed to determine methanol and ethanol in the gas phase, at low concentration levels, in urban atmospheres, which involves collection of air samples (20.0-30.0 l) with three florisil cartridges connected in series, at a flow rate ranging from 1.0 to 2.0l min −1 and subsequent elution of the alcohols with water.
47 citations
"ELENA: A low-cost portable electron..." refers methods in this paper
...,[3] developed a sampling protocol using Gas Chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector....
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