Elicitation: a stimulation of stress in in vitro plant cell/tissue cultures for enhancement of secondary metabolite production
TL;DR: Integration of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics with system biology can aid in discovery of novel genes, transcriptional factors and several biosynthetic pathways which in turn can serve as a valuable tool for metabolic engineering and gene manipulation for enhancing the yield and productivity of secondary metabolites.
Abstract: Higher plants undergo a variety of stresses and to combat those stresses they acclimatize themselves by producing diverse secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites also have a wide range of industrial applications and hence they serve as candidates for commercialization. Owing to the constraints faced by natural plant extraction, plant cell/tissue culture has emerged as an alternative platform for the in vitro production of value added bioactive secondary metabolites. Implementation of several productivity enhancement strategies, including elicitation, can overcome the limitations faced by plant cell technology that hampers its extensive commercialization. Elicitation is a technique that involves exogenous addition of elicitors (abiotic or biotic) in the growth medium which consequently triggers stress response with concomitant enhancement in secondary metabolite production. Elicitor induced stress results in the activation of several defense-related genes or inactivation of non-defense-related genes, transient phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins, expression of enzymes whose information can be used to ascertain the biosynthetic pathways of many secondary metabolites. Furthermore, integration of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics with system biology can aid in discovery of novel genes, transcriptional factors and several biosynthetic pathways which in turn can serve as a valuable tool for metabolic engineering and gene manipulation for enhancing the yield and productivity of secondary metabolites.
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TL;DR: Application of molecular biology tools and techniques are facilitating understanding the signaling processes and pathways involved in the SMs production at subcellular, cellular, organ and whole plant systems during in vivo and in vitro growth, with application in metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways intermediates.
Abstract: In the growth condition(s) of plants, numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) are produced by them to serve variety of cellular functions essential for physiological processes, and recent increasing evidences have implicated stress and defense response signaling in their production. The type and concentration(s) of secondary molecule(s) produced by a plant are determined by the species, genotype, physiology, developmental stage and environmental factors during growth. This suggests the physiological adaptive responses employed by various plant taxonomic groups in coping with the stress and defensive stimuli. The past recent decades had witnessed renewed interest to study abiotic factors that influence secondary metabolism during in vitro and in vivo growth of plants. Application of molecular biology tools and techniques are facilitating understanding the signaling processes and pathways involved in the SMs production at subcellular, cellular, organ and whole plant systems during in vivo and in vitro growth, with application in metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways intermediates.
618 citations
TL;DR: This review provides the state of the art information on the chemistry, sources, and biosynthetic pathways of RA, as well as its anticancer properties against different cancer types.
Abstract: Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a highly valued natural phenolic compound that is very commonly found in plants of the families Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae, including Coleus blumei, Heliotropium foertherianum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Perilla frutescens, and Salvia officinalis. RA is also found in other members of higher plant families and in some fern and horned liverwort species. The biosynthesis of RA is catalyzed by the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylase using the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. Chemically, RA can be produced via methods involving the esterification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid and caffeic acid. Some of the derivatives of RA include melitric acid, salvianolic acid, lithospermic acid, and yunnaneic acid. In plants, RA is known to have growth-promoting and defensive roles. Studies have elucidated the varied pharmacological potential of RA and its derived molecules, including anticancer, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The demand for RA is therefore, very high in the pharmaceutical industry, but this demand cannot be met by plants alone because RA content in plant organs is very low. Further, many plants that synthesize RA are under threat and near extinction owing to biodiversity loss caused by unscientific harvesting, over-collection, environmental changes, and other inherent features. Moreover, the chemical synthesis of RA is complicated and expensive. Alternative approaches using biotechnological methodologies could overcome these problems. This review provides the state of the art information on the chemistry, sources, and biosynthetic pathways of RA, as well as its anticancer properties against different cancer types. Biotechnological methods are also discussed for producing RA using plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures and hairy-root cultures using flasks and bioreactors. The recent developments and applications of the functional genomics approach and heterologous production of RA in microbes are also highlighted. This chapter will be of benefit to readers aiming to design studies on RA and its applicability as an anticancer agent.
73 citations
Cites background from "Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..."
...In other words, plant secondary metabolism and the level of metabolite synthesis may vary considerably depending on the biotic and abiotic stress signals (Pavarini et al. 2012; Narayani and Srivastava 2017)....
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...Likewise, elicitation with the addition of salicylic acid, strigolactones (phytohormones), jasmonic acid (JA), or methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which are ubiquitous plant signaling compounds in the growth medium has been shown to be effective in enhancing the production of secondary metabolites as revealed from different cell cultures studies in several plant species (Suan See et al. 2011; Narayani and Srivastava 2017; Singh And Dwivedi 2018; Khan et al. 2018)....
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...…signaling compounds in the growth medium has been shown to be effective in enhancing the production of secondary metabolites as revealed from different cell cultures studies in several plant species (Suan See et al. 2011; Narayani and Srivastava 2017; Singh And Dwivedi 2018; Khan et al. 2018)....
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TL;DR: The Gh_D06G0281 (DTX/MATE) over-expressing Arabidopsis lines were highly tolerant under drought, salt, and cold stress with high production of antioxidant enzymes and significantly reduced levels of oxidants, indicating reduced oxidative stress levels in the transgenic plants.
Abstract: Abiotic stresses have negative effects on plants growth and development. Plants, being sessile, have developed specific adaptive strategies that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to abiotic stress factors. The detoxification efflux carriers (DTX)/multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters are of significance in the translocation of abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone with profound role in plants under various abiotic stress conditions. The ABA signaling cascades are the core regulators of abiotic stress responses in plants, triggering major changes in gene expression and adaptive physiological responses. We therefore carried out genome-wide analysis of the DTX/MATE gene family, transformed a DTX/MATE gene in Arabidopsis and carried out functional analysis under drought, salt, and cold stress conditions. We identified 128, 70, and 72 DTX/MATE genes in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium raimondii, respectively. The proteins encoded by the DTX/MATE genes showed varied physiochemical properties but they all were hydrophobic. The Gh_D06G0281 (DTX/MATE) over-expressing Arabidopsis lines were highly tolerant under drought, salt, and cold stress with high production of antioxidant enzymes and significantly reduced levels of oxidants. Lipid peroxidation, as measured by the level of malondialdehyde concentrations was relatively low in transgenic lines compared to wild types, an indication of reduced oxidative stress levels in the transgenic plants. Based on physiological measurements, the transgenic plants exhibited significantly higher relative leaf water content, reduced excised leaf water loss and a significant reduction in ion leakage as a measure of the cell membrane stability compared to the wild types. Abiotic stress responsive genes, ABF4, CBL1, SOS1, and RD29B were highly expressed in the transgenic lines compared to the non-transformed wild type plants. The protein encoded by the Gh_D06G0281 (DTX/MATE) gene was predicted to be located within the plasma membrane. Since signals from extracellular stimuli are transmitted through the plasma membrane most of which are conducted by plasma membrane proteins it is possible the Gh_D06G0281 (DTX/MATE) gene product could be important for this process.
59 citations
05 Sep 2018
TL;DR: The study reviewed shows that undifferentiated cells are the preferred culture system used for the production of high-value secondary metabolites in vitro although there are many examples reporting the production in differentiated tissues particularly in hairy roots.
Abstract: Plants are a remarkable source of high-value secondary metabolites with applications in various domains. Plant cell and tissue culture techniques appear as environmentally friendly alternatives for the production of secondary metabolites when natural supply is limited or chemical synthesis is unviable. In this chapter, the main advantages of using plant cell and tissue culture techniques for the production of plant secondary metabolites are presented as well as the different biotechnological approaches available to improve their production. In addition, the production of anticancer compounds (camptothecin, podophyllotoxin, taxol, vinblastibe, and vincristine) and metabolites from Lamiaceae spp. (phenolics as rosmarinic acid) were selected as examples to be highlighted. The study reviewed shows that undifferentiated cells are the preferred culture system used for the production of high-value secondary metabolites in vitro although there are many examples reporting the production in differentiated tissues particularly in hairy roots. Efforts have been made to scale up the production, and several strategies have been successfully applied to increase the production yields at the laboratorial scale. Nevertheless, there are only few examples of plant secondary metabolites production at commercial level, and further in-depth studies are still required.
56 citations
Cites background from "Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..."
...Plant kingdom, comprising about 250,000 species, is a repository of probably hundreds of thousands of low-molecular-weight structurally complex chemical compounds known as secondary metabolites [1]....
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...For extra information, consult the recent reviews on this subject [1, 5]....
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TL;DR: The mechanisms of carbohydrate elicitor perception and signaling in plants are introduced and the structure and activity relationships of main poly- and oligosaccharides studied for the control of plant diseases are discussed and summarized.
50 citations
References
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TL;DR: Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.
2,432 citations
"Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..." refers background in this paper
...At the molecular level, identification of stress-response is an initial step toward understanding plant stress tolerance that is likely to be a complex phenomenon involving multiple pathways and cross-talk between different sensors and signal transduction pathways (Mittler 2006)....
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TL;DR: It is likely that predicted future CO2 levels will have little impact on the efficacy of single applications of halosulfuron or glyphosate for control of purple and yellow nutsedge at the growth stages described here, although scenarios demanding more persistent control efforts remain a question.
Abstract: Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) have significantly increased over the past century and are expected to continue rising in the future. While elevated levels of CO2 will likely result in higher crop yields, weed growth is also highly likely to increase, which could increase the incidence of herbicide resistant biotypes. An experiment was conducted in 2012 to determine the effects of an elevated CO2 environment on glyphosate and halosulfuron efficacy for postemergence control of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L. and C. esculentus L.). Both species of nutsedge where grown in 3.0-L containers under either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 µmol mol-1) CO2 in open-top field chambers and treated with either 0.5×, 1.0×, or 1.5× of the manufacturer’s labeled rate of halosulfuron, glyphosate, or a tank mix of the two herbicides. The growth of both nutsedge species responded positively to elevated CO2, purple nutsedge had increased shoot and root dry weights and yellow nutsedge had increased shoot, root, and tuber dry weights and counts. Few treatment differences were observed among the herbicides at any of the rates tested. At three weeks following herbicide application, both purple and yellow nutsedge were adequately controlled by both herbicides and combinations at all rates tested, regardless of CO2 concentration. Based on this study, it is likely that predicted future CO2 levels will have little impact on the efficacy of single applications of halosulfuron or glyphosate for control of purple and yellow nutsedge at the growth stages described here, although scenarios demanding more persistent control efforts remain a question.
1,965 citations
01 Jun 1997
TL;DR: Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
Abstract: Jasmonic acid and its derivatives can modulate aspects of fruit ripening, production of viable pollen, root growth, tendril coiling, and plant resistance to insects and pathogens. Jasmonate activates genes involved in pathogen and insect resistance, and genes encoding vegetative storage proteins, but represses genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. Jasmonic acid is derived from linolenic acid, and most of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway have been extensively characterized. Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. The activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by cell wall elicitors, the peptide systemin, and other compounds will be related to the function of jasmonates in plants. Jasmonate modulates gene expression at the level of translation, RNA processing, and transcription. Promoter elements that mediate responses to jasmonate have been isolated. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of how jasmonate biosynthesis is regulated and relates this information to knowledge of jasmonate modulated gene expression.
1,759 citations
"Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..." refers background in this paper
...…(SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are normally produced by plant cells in a defence response as signal molecules and are key components in the signal transduction pathway (Creelman and Mullet 1997; Staswick et al. 1998; Vicente and Plasencia 2011; Belchı́-Navarro et al. 2012)....
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TL;DR: Emerging evidence suggests that hormone signaling pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as ROS signaling pathways, play key roles in the crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
1,677 citations
"Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..." refers background in this paper
...…to survive under such conditions and to cope with such multitude of challenges, plants have evolved complex mechanisms to perceive external signals (Fujita et al. 2006) that consequently cause modifications in signalling components, gene transcription, non-coding RNAs, proteins, and metabolites…...
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TL;DR: Progress made on several aspects of elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites are summarized, including the integration of multiple signaling pathways into or by transcription factors, as well as the linkage of the above signal components in eliciting network through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
1,649 citations
"Elicitation: a stimulation of stres..." refers background in this paper
...Thus, plant cellular activities at biochemical and molecular level can be altered by the action of elicitors that regulate large number of biochemical control points, and trigger the expression of key genes and transcription factors (Zhao et al. 2005; Baenas et al. 2014)....
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.../H? exchange and Cl- efflux further acts as a signal for the production of secondary metabolites (Zhao et al. 2005)....
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...The transient cytoplasmic acidification due to K/H exchange and Cl- efflux further acts as a signal for the production of secondary metabolites (Zhao et al. 2005)....
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...…signal transduction events ultimately lead to the activation or to the de novo biosynthesis of transcription factors that in turn regulate the expression of defense genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary signals or secondary metabolites (Ferrari 2010; Zhao et al. 2005)....
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...activation or to the de novo biosynthesis of transcription factors that in turn regulate the expression of defense genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary signals or secondary metabolites (Ferrari 2010; Zhao et al. 2005)....
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