Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "01 audretsch article_esri vol 40" ?
In this euphoria people expected an economic surge to follow, freed from the burden of supporting the Cold War military, but also the related
Emergence of the entrepreneurial society
TL;DR: The entrepreneurial society refers to places where entrepreneurship has emerged as a focal point for economic growth, sustainable job creation, and competitiveness in global markets as mentioned in this paper, and it is key to taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by globalization by enhancing the innovation prowess of a nation.
About: This article is published in Business Horizons.The article was published on 2009-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 49 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Globalization & Entrepreneurship.
Summary (2 min read)
Jump to: [Max Planck Institute, Germany] – [II A PUBLIC POLICY DILEMMA: EFFICIENCY VERSUS DECENTRALISED DECISION MAKING] – [IV THE KNOWLEDGE FILTER] – [V ENDOGENOUS ENTREPRENEURSHIP] – [VII EUROPEAN ENTREPRENEURIAL POLICY RESPONSE] and [VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS]
Max Planck Institute, Germany
- For years, I could not wait to get to Ireland to see and to experience this great economic boom, but I guess I should have come a few years sooner.
- Since European economies did not prosper in the 1990s, it was not surprising that at the turn of the century Europe was making efforts to try to reignite growth and to generate employment.
- Countries with a deficiency of large corporations focused their develop - ment largely on attracting inward foreign direct investment.
- So the purpose of this lecture and the underlying research behind it, is to try to uncover what entrepreneurship has to do with economic growth.
II A PUBLIC POLICY DILEMMA: EFFICIENCY VERSUS DECENTRALISED DECISION MAKING
- An entire generation of scholars in the emerging field of Industrial Organisation identified the driving force of efficiency and productivity at firm and industry levels.
- What this meant for public policy was that there seemed to be a trade-off between having the scale economics of concentrated industry and firms, on the one hand, as against the benefits of having decentralised decision makers on the other hand.
- Countries like Sweden and France favoured concentrated ownership of industries.
- If you look at examples in the chemical industry, say Hoechst, you can see that while total employment went down a little, employment increased outside of Germany, again leading to many fewer employees in Germany.
- It was there I first heard the phrase ‘Swedish Paradox’, which states that if investing in knowledge is so important, like the economists say it is, why is growth and employment creation so elusive in Sweden.
IV THE KNOWLEDGE FILTER
- Well, had European leaders looked across to the other side of the Atlantic, they would have discovered that they did not have a monopoly on this paradox.
- The authors see this knowledge filter not just from knowledge generated in universities, as Senator Bayh was talking about, but they also see it in knowledge generated in the private sector from private companies.
- So they went to their boss, they went to their boss’s boss and said “let us start producing this business software”.
- They went to the three top banks in Germany.
- The point being that I think any time you hear of a knowledge context where the asset is not physical but rather intangible, like ideas, example after example after example of what one person thinks is a good idea, another person might not.
V ENDOGENOUS ENTREPRENEURSHIP
- So this is what leads to what the authors now call endogenous entrepreneurship, which refers to people endogenously creating a new firm to pursue and implement their ideas, dreams, and passions when they are unable to in the context of an existing firm.
- This suggests that in order to get more innovation the authors do not just start with the firms that exist but rather start with society, people, and then ask how can these people be facilitated and enabled to pursue ideas and start companies that are going to generate growth.
- High-growth regions have a low knowledge filter, so that knowledge is able to spillover.
- The authors know that this is happening because of globalisation, with employment being shifted due to outsourcing and offshoring, to some degree by the companies themselves to other places.
- I think that this is why the authors are seeing such a move towards an entrepreneurial economy and the European entrepreneurial policy response.
VII EUROPEAN ENTREPRENEURIAL POLICY RESPONSE
- My view is that Europe has gone through a process of shifting away from the old economy or the capital-based economy characterised by the post-World War II public policy debate, towards this very different economy, what I call an entrepreneurial economy.
- Places that do well in the European and, North American contexts have something extra over capital – they have entrepreneurship.
- It was to create companies like General Motors, US Steel – the great manufacturing companies.
- There was also recognition of the law of comparative advantage.
- In the middle of the 1990s the continent of Europe really went through stagnation – low growth, and more unemployment, and it was clear that globalisation was hitting Europe.
VIII CONCLUDING REMARKS
- To drive efficiency, you need economies of scale, but this raises the challenge when firms are not trusted to grow unabated.
- Public ownership regulations, tended to be national policies.
- Let me finish with a quote from Goethe which suggests that maybe this is not so new.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors empirically test the relationship between organizational learning and performance in SMEs in the ICT industry in Malaysia, and the obtained results support the hypotheses implying a positive relationship between OL and OP.
Abstract: The aim of this research is to empirically test the relationship between organizational learning and performance in SMEs in the ICT industry in Malaysia. According to the literature, organizational learning and innovation are crucial factors in organizational performance but the focus of this study is to determine whether organizational learning lead to better organizational performance. This study was conducted in a sample of 278 SMEs in Malaysia. The hypotheses in this study were developed to examine the relationship between organizational learning (OL) and organizational performance (OP). To conduct the analysis we made use of Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The obtained results support the hypotheses implying a positive relationship between OL and OP. Several implications for management and policy are also discussed in light of the findings of this study.
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Cites background from "Emergence of the entrepreneurial so..."
...The challenges faced by SMEs while competing in domestic or even global markets are compounded by their size and limited resources as opposed to the well-established corporations which enjoy advantages of economics of scale (Audretsch, 2009)....
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...However, recent changes in the business environment have compelled firms to search for new strategies for competitive edge as the conventional strategies have become obsolete (Chirico and Salvato, 2008) Economic globalization, which refers to integration of operations and markets in a borderless economic space (Johnson and Turner, 2003), and advances in information and communication technology are among the central environment forces faced by contemporary organizations (Roy, 2005; Hanna, 2009). In order to cope with the current external opportunities and threats, organizations have to learn, that is, acquire new knowledge and skills that will improve their current and future performance (Child et al., 2005). According to De Geus (1988), “the only competitive advantage the company of the future will have is the ability of its managers to learn faster than the competitors,” Many other researchers suggest that the effective strategy for sustaining and improving a firm’s competitive edge and performance is organizational learning (OL) (Senge, 1990; Sinkula et al....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a comprehensive spotlight over the dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial culture of plan9, a government backed TBI, to highlight the significance towards developing an entrepreneurial society in a developing country context, Pakistan.
Abstract: Globally, technology business incubator (TBI) has become a growing initiative to promote the entrepreneurship. Recently TBIs has gained significant attention from research scholars and play a vital role to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial society. The institutions are established and leadership is groomed via entrepreneurial society. Moreover, entrepreneurial culture encourages the entrepreneurial society for economic development, innovation, technology competitiveness and sustainable job creation. A government backed TBI, Plan9, is presented to highlight the significance towards developing an entrepreneurial society in a developing country context, Pakistan. Plan9 has introduced unique practices with a broad vision for a sustainable entrepreneurial growth. University industry linkages are created, entrepreneurial education and training programs for social awareness are operationalized, innovative ideas are encouraged and financial innovation without equity share and funding support are designated. This paper presents a comprehensive spotlight over the dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial culture of plan9. Furthermore plan9 is encouraging to promote entrepreneurial society, institutional development and leadership. Lastly this research recommends that the other TBIs should be initiated by the collaboration of government and private sector to nurture the entrepreneurial society.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus empirically on the case of Sweden and evaluate the validity of the dominant belief of a poor commercialisation of academic R&D, and the actual and proposed solutions to handle that problem.
Abstract: For some fifteen years it has been argued that Europe's research and industrial base suffers from a series of weaknesses, the greatest of which is the comparatively limited capacity to convert scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements into commercial successes. This perception of a strong European science base which is not translated into technological and commercial success has subsequently been labelled the "European Paradox". Over time the focus has shifted from discussing how European firms can increase their competitiveness, to the commercialisation of publicly financed R&D. There is a strong belief that the EU is under-performing in its ability to exploit and commercialise publicly funded science. Scrutinising the interaction between universities and industry at the European level is, however, fraught with empirical difficulties. The phenomena in question are complex, and require very detailed analysis using local knowledge and case studies. An interesting case in point for a detailed scrutiny is Sweden in which a perception of a Paradox has influenced policy discussion for two decades. The first purpose of this paper is to critically assess a) the validity of this dominant belief of a poor commercialisation of academic R&D, and b) the actual and proposed solutions to handle that problem. In addressing this first purpose, we focus empirically on the case of Sweden. With high R&D spending and a long standing perception of a "Swedish Paradox", the Swedish case is, arguably, of particular value for a detailed analysis. First, we detail how the dominant belief has emerged over the past two decades. Second, we scrutinize the empirical foundation of the literature that upholds that belief as well as empirical indications that cast serious doubt on it. The second purpose is to critically assess the usefulness of copying US science policy solutions in Europe in which much attention is given to the ownership of IPR. This is done by returning to the EU level and draw upon literature in both the US and Europe. The paper ends with our main conclusions.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors present an overview of the evolution of entrepreneurial higher education research and provide a description of the structures characterizing it, and present an in-depth examination and analysis of the current state of research and published literature related to entrepreneurial HEIs.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial higher education institutions (HEIs) have gained significant traction, both in theory and practice. The concept has evolved from academic entrepreneurship, which gained prominence in the 1990s, into a more comprehensive notion at institutional level and has been an influencing factor for governmental decisions and the region's economic development. This study seeks to present an overview of the evolution of entrepreneurial HEI research and provide a description of the structures characterizing it. This paper presents an in-depth examination and analysis of the current state of research and published literature related to entrepreneurial HEIs. A descriptive bibliometric analysis coupled with content analysis is presented, incorporating citations included in Scopus' multi-disciplinary database over the last 25 years. Two software packages—VOS viewer and Bibliometrix R were employed to probe the research questions and create visualizations of the bibliometric networks. Thematic mapping of the multifaceted research field is illustrated and emerging trends of are identified. Findings suggest that the research on entrepreneurial HEI has been pioneered by USA followed by UK and other European countries. Moreover, the research seems to be fragmented and more focused on only entrepreneurial universities. Future research needs to consider colleges and smaller institutions alongside larger universities. Also, further steps need to be undertaken to encourage and enable cross-border international collaboration, so as to draw learning together from different national and regional contexts.
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