Emergent plants used in free water surface constructed wetlands: A review
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739 citations
Cites background from "Emergent plants used in free water ..."
...A combination of various wetland systems, known as hybrid CWs was also introduced for the treatment of wastewater, and this design generally consisted of two stages of several parallel CWs in series, such as VF–HF CWs, HF–VF CWs, HF-FWS CWs and FWS-HF CWs (Vymazal, 2013a)....
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...Vymazal (2013b) surveyed emergent plants used in FWS CWs, and revealed that Phragmites australis is the most frequent species in Europe and Asia, Typha latifolia in North America, Cyperus papyrus in Africa, P. australis and Typha domingensis in Central/South Americas and Scirpus validus in Oceania....
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...However, only a few plant species have been widely used in constructed wetlands (Vymazal, 2013b)....
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...Although more than 150 macrophyte species have been used in CWs globally, only a limited number of these plant species are very often planted in CWs in reality (Vymazal, 2013b)....
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286 citations
Cites background from "Emergent plants used in free water ..."
...…also among the world’s most productive ecosystems, capable of producing relatively large quantities of biomass, depending on the type of plant used (most commonly either Phragmites australis or Typha spp.) and the climate of the location (Vymazal, 2013; Zhang et al., 2014; Mekonnen et al., 2015)....
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193 citations
Cites background from "Emergent plants used in free water ..."
...1), which can be combined into one single system (hybrid) to achieve a high pollutant removal efficiency (Vymazal 2013, 2014; Wu et al. 2014)....
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...Moreover, constructed wetlands may also be classified according to their objectives into habitat creation, flood control, or wastewater purification, as reported in some recent studies (Vymazal 2013, 2014; Stefanakis et al. 2014)....
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...However, Kadlec and Knight (1996), Kadlec et al. (2000), Langergraber et al. (2009), Knowles et al. (2011), Nivala et al. (2012), Vymazal (2013), and Wu et al. (2014) stated that surface flow and subsurface flow are considered as the main two flow types of constructed wetlands....
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...For instance, a survey on common emergent macrophytes used in free water surface flow constructed was undertaken by Vymazal (2013)....
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