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Emotion in the Human Face
04 Jul 2015-
About: The article was published on 2015-07-04 and is currently open access. It has received 1845 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Face (sociological concept).
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08 Jul 2008TL;DR: This survey covers techniques and approaches that promise to directly enable opinion-oriented information-seeking systems and focuses on methods that seek to address the new challenges raised by sentiment-aware applications, as compared to those that are already present in more traditional fact-based analysis.
Abstract: An important part of our information-gathering behavior has always been to find out what other people think. With the growing availability and popularity of opinion-rich resources such as online review sites and personal blogs, new opportunities and challenges arise as people now can, and do, actively use information technologies to seek out and understand the opinions of others. The sudden eruption of activity in the area of opinion mining and sentiment analysis, which deals with the computational treatment of opinion, sentiment, and subjectivity in text, has thus occurred at least in part as a direct response to the surge of interest in new systems that deal directly with opinions as a first-class object.
This survey covers techniques and approaches that promise to directly enable opinion-oriented information-seeking systems. Our focus is on methods that seek to address the new challenges raised by sentiment-aware applications, as compared to those that are already present in more traditional fact-based analysis. We include material on summarization of evaluative text and on broader issues regarding privacy, manipulation, and economic impact that the development of opinion-oriented information-access services gives rise to. To facilitate future work, a discussion of available resources, benchmark datasets, and evaluation campaigns is also provided.
7,452 citations
Cites background from "Emotion in the Human Face"
...Researchers have considered various affect types, such as the six “universal” emotions [86]: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise [9, 192, 286]....
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TL;DR: The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them as mentioned in this paper, and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies.
Abstract: The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is denned and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.
6,835 citations
Cites background from "Emotion in the Human Face"
...Emotion episodes, also referred to as plots (Ekman, 1984), scripts (Tomkins, 1984), and adaptational encounters (Lazarus, 1991a), include each of the protagonists and all of the events in a given emotional scene (Forgas, 1982)....
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01 Jan 1997
4,056 citations
Cites background from "Emotion in the Human Face"
...have found that women are generally better in recognizing emotions in facial expressions than are men [93-98] ,with the exception of anger perception [98] ....
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TL;DR: Reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression increased sympathetic activation, suggesting that these 2 emotion regulatory processes may have different adaptive consequences.
Abstract: Using a process model of emotion, a distinction between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation is proposed. To test this distinction, 120 participants were shown a disgusting film while their experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses were recorded. Participants were told to either (a) think about the film in such a way that they would feel nothing (reappraisal, a form of antecedent-focused emotion regulation), (b) behave in such a way that someone watching them would not know they were feeling anything (suppression, a form of response-focused emotion regulation), or (c) watch the film (a control condition). Compared with the control condition, both reappraisal and suppression were effective in reducing emotion-expressive behavior. However, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression increased sympathetic activation. These results suggest that these 2 emotion regulatory processes may have different adaptive consequences.
3,778 citations
Additional excerpts
...This model is a distillation of major points of convergence among researchers concerned with emotion (eg, Arnold, 1960; Ekman, 1972; Frijda, 1986; Izard, 1977; Lang, 1995; Lazarus, 1991; Levenson, 1994; Plutchik, 1980; Scherer, 1984; Tomkins, 1984)....
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TL;DR: This work proposes eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience, and investigates the patterns of appraisal for the different emotions, and the role of each of the dimensions in differentiating emotional experience are discussed.
Abstract: There has long been interest in describing emotional experience in terms of underlying dimensions, but traditionally only two dimensions, pleasantness and arousal, have been reliably found. The reasons for these findings are reviewed, and integrating this review with two recent theories of emotions (Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1982), we propose eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience. In an investigation of this model, subjects recalled past experiences associated with each of 15 emotions, and rated them along the proposed dimensions. Six orthogonal dimensions, pleasantness, anticipated effort, certainty, attentional activity, self-other responsibility/control, and situational control, were recovered, and the emotions varied systematically along each of these dimensions, indicating a strong relation between the appraisal of one's circumstances and one's emotional state. The patterns of appraisal for the different emotions, and the role of each of the dimensions in differentiati ng emotional experience are discussed. Most people think of emotions in categorical terms: "I was scared," or "I was sad," or "I was frustrated." In complicated situations they may say, "I felt sad and frustrated." The idea that there is a small set of fundamentally different emotions, has a long and illustrious history in science as well, dating back at least to Aristotle and reemerging in the theory of the four humors, in the works of eighteenthcentury philosophers, and in Darwin (1872/ 1965). In recent years the categorical approach to the study of emotions has become prominent in psychology, stimulated by the monumental work of Sylvan Tomkins (1962, 1963, 1982; Ekman & Friesen, 1971; hard, 1971, 1972, 1977; Izard & Buechler, 1980). This view of emotional experience admirably captures our intuition that happiness, anger, and fear are basic feeling-states, easily recognizable, and fundamentally different from each other.
3,421 citations
Cites background from "Emotion in the Human Face"
...First, as Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth (1982) point out, the range of stimuli sampled will determine the dimensions that can be found....
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