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Journal ArticleDOI

Empirical Relation between the Linear and the Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities

15 Sep 1970-Physical Review B (American Physical Society)-Vol. 2, Iss: 6, pp 2045-2048
TL;DR: In this article, a simple empirical relation is found between the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities for gases at low pressures, and its applicability to crystalline solids and its bearing on the generalized Miller's rule for these solids is discussed.
Abstract: A simple empirical relation is found to exist between the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities This empirical relation holds within the available experimental accuracy for gases at low pressures The applicability of this empirical relation to crystalline solids, and its bearing on the generalized Miller's rule for these solids, are discussed
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-hand model is used to calculate the scaling and spectrum of the nonlinear absorption of semiconductors and wide-gap optical solids, and the bound electronic nonlinear refractive index n/sub 2/ is obtained using a Kramers-Kronig transformation.
Abstract: A two-hand model is used to calculate the scaling and spectrum of the nondegenerate nonlinear absorption. From this, the bound electronic nonlinear refractive index n/sub 2/ is obtained using a Kramers-Kronig transformation. The authors include the effects of two-photon and Raman transitions and the AC Stark shift (virtual band blocking). The theoretical calculation for n/sub 2/ shows excellent agreement with measured values for a five-order-of-magnitude variation in the modulus of n/sub 2/ in semiconductors and wide-gap optical solids. Beam distortion methods were used to measure n/sub 2/ in semiconductors. The observations result in a comprehensive theory that allows a prediction of n/sub 2/ at wavelengths beneath the band edge, given only the bandgap energy and the linear index of refraction. Some consequences for all-optical switching are discussed, and a wavelength criterion for the observation of switching is derived. >

956 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a suitable relationship between the linear refractive index n 0, the energy gap, and the nonlinear refractive indices n 2 has been found for simple oxides.
Abstract: A suitable relationship between the linear refractive index n0, the energy gap Eg, and the nonlinear refractive index n2 has been looked for on the basis of experimental and theoretical data reported in the literature for numerous simple oxides. It has been established that the nonlinear refractive index increases with increasing linear refractive index and decreasing energy gap of the oxides. This is related to the increasing metallicity of the oxides. Oxides with a high nonlinear refractive index posses a metallization criterion of approximately 0.30–0.45.

391 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the average electronic polarizability of the oxide ion αO2−(no) of numerous binary oxide glasses (phosphate, borate, silicate, germanate, tellurite and titanate) has been estimated on the basis of the refractive index reported in literature.
Abstract: The average electronic polarizability of the oxide ion αO2−(no) of numerous binary oxide glasses (phosphate, borate, silicate, germanate, tellurite and titanate) has been estimated on the basis of the refractive index reported in literature. An optical basicity scale has been proposed on the basis of a good agreement between calculated theoretical optical basicity Λth and refractive index based optical basicity Λ(no) of the glasses. It was established that third-order non-linear optical susceptibility χ(3) of the glasses, also found in the literature, increases with increasing optical basicity and tendency for metallization of the glasses. This is associated with the high electron donor ability of the oxide ions and the small optical band gap. Conventional oxide glasses with low refractive index possess low polarizability, low optical basicity, large metallization criterion and small χ(3). Tellurite and titanate glasses as well as borate glasses containing a large amount of Sb2O3 and Bi2O3 with high refractive index above 2.0 show large polarizability, high optical basicity, small metallization criterion and large χ(3).

331 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a number of authors have proposed empirical relations between the nonlinear index and linear dispersion parameters, and they have shown that the major differences arise in the treatment of local field corrections, due to the fairly large experimental uncertainty and the fact that all the materials investigated to date are really quite similar, being essentially oxide or fluoride materials.
Abstract: The development of high-power glass lasers has stimulated interest in materials with low index nonlinearity. A number of authors have proposed empirical relations between the nonlinear index and linear dispersion parameters. We review these expressions and relate them to both classical and quantum theoretic derivations of the index nonlinearity. We show that the major differences arise in the treatment of local field corrections. We further show that the good agreement obtained between experiment and theory may be fortuitous, due to the fairly large experimental uncertainty and the fact that all the materials investigated to date are really quite similar, being essentially oxide or fluoride materials.

322 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the nonlinear refractive index of transparent materials is measured relative to that of a standard with a known index, and the relationship between the observed nonlinear index and the structure and composition of the glasses is discussed.
Abstract: We have developed a rapid and accurate method for measuring the nonlinear refractive index of transparent materials. It is based on a version of three-wave mixing in which the frequencies of the two input beams are adjusted to differ by about 60 cm−1. The nonlinear index of a material is measured relative to that of a standard with a known index. Our measurements of 27 glasses are in good agreement with previous results, where available, and with the n2 values calculated empirically from linear index parameters. We also discuss the relationship between the observed nonlinear index and the structure and composition of the glasses.

255 citations