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Employment status and perceived health condition: longitudinal data from Italy

01 Mar 2014-Research Papers in Economics (University Library of Munich, Germany)-
TL;DR: Evidence is offered on the relationship between self-reported health and the employment status in Italy using the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), which finds that temporary workers, first-job seekers and unemployed individuals are worse off than permanent employees.
Abstract: The considerable increase of non-standard labor contracts, unemployment and inactivity rates raises the question of whether job insecurity and the lack of job opportunities affect physical and mental well-being differently from being employed with an open-ended contract. In this paper we offer evidence on the relationship between Self Reported Health Status (SRHS) and the employment status in Italy using the Survey on Household Income and Wealth; another aim is to investigate whether these potential inequalities have changed with the recent economic downturn (time period 2006-2010). We estimate an ordered logit model with SRHS as response variable based on a fixed-effects approach which has certain advantages with respect to the random-effects formulation and has not been applied before with SRHS data. The fixed-effects nature of the model also allows us to solve the problems of incidental parameters and non-random selection of individuals into different labor market categories. We find that temporary workers, unemployed and inactive individuals are worse off than permanent employees, especially males, young workers, and those living in the center and south of Italy. Health inequalities between unemployed/inactive and permanent workers widen over time for males and young workers, and arise in the north of the country as well.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: While at the aggregate level there seems to be a slight overall positive trend inSRH after the crisis, this long-term longitudinal stability in SRH may mask consistent within-country contrasted trends in health outcomes across different age groups.
Abstract: Previous research examining self-rated health (SRH) outcomes following the 2008 financial crisis in the most affected European countries has reported mixed results: some indicated an improvement in SRH during the crisis while others showed a decline. This study analysed longitudinal SRH trends across age groups in Italy between 2004 and 2015 adopting a longer period for health data and adjusting for pre-existing trends. Data consisted of 97,250 Italian adult residents (aged 18 to 81) from nine cohorts collected with an accelerated longitudinal design between 2004 and 2015 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics using questionnaires from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Latent growth modeling analysed longitudinal SRH trends by different age groups in each cohort along 4-year assessments. Consistently across cohorts, SRH declined among participants aged 71 to 81 while it remained more stable for those aged 30 to 50. The worst SRH trends were observed in the 2010–2013 period where SRH declined in all age groups except for the those aged 31 to 40. Conversely, in the 2008–2011 period SRH remained stable. While at the aggregate level there seems to be a slight overall positive trend in SRH after the crisis, this long-term longitudinal stability in SRH may mask consistent within-country contrasted trends in health outcomes across different age groups. Periods of economic uncertainty and austerity measures coincided with a decline in SRH among the normal adult population in Italy.

7 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis of mean scores of overall quality of life of the unemployed revealed statistically significant differences between groups of jobless Wrocław residents with regard to such factors as age, number of household members, and per capita income.
Abstract: Unemployment has a number of negative, economic, social and psychological effects on unemployed people and their families. Lowered household income leads to a constrained fulfilment of individual and collective needs, which has a significant impact on the quality of life and perceived health condition of the unemployed. The aim of this study is the identification of relationships between the quality of life and socio-economic status of unemployed persons. The study was carried out among 403 registered unemployed persons (246 women, 157 men) from Wroclaw, Poland. The main method used in the study was the diagnostic questionnaire survey. Respondents’ quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, and their socio-economic status with author’s own S-ESQ questionnaire. Arithmetic means and standard deviation were calculated. Correlations between respondents’ quality of life and socio-economic status were checked with the Kruskal-Wallis oneway analysis of variance and Dunn’s post-hoc tests. The ex-ante level of statistical signifikance was set at α < 0.05. The mean health-related quality of life score of the unemployed respondents under study was higher than the mean perceived health condition score. As for the four quality of life domains, the respondents reported the highest scores in the social domain and psychological domain, followed by the physical and environmental domains. The analysis of mean scores of overall quality of life of the unemployed revealed statistically significant differences between groups of jobless Wroclaw residents with regard to such factors as age, number of household members, and per capita income. Respondents’ age, education, marital status, persons per household, per capital income, and having savings were also significant differentiating factors of perceived health condition. The results of the study can be significant for public health policies in Poland and other countries at a similar level of economic development.

6 citations


Cites background or methods from "Employment status and perceived hea..."

  • ...A study of an Italian unemployed population as well as first-job seekers and insecure temporary workers showed that all of them reported a worse perceived health status than secure permanent employees (Minelli et al., 2014)....

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  • ...…income for quality of life assessment by patients (Durmaz et al., 2000), the employed (Chinweuba et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2017; Kokaliari, 2016; Rėklaitienė, Bacevičienė, & Andrijauskas, 2009; Yang et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2015), and the unemployed (Griep et al., 2016; Minelli et al., 2014)....

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  • ...Minelli et al. (2014), confirmed that young people with high incomes did rate their perceived health condition most highly....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the assumption that the analyses focused on sustainable human resource management (HRM) should include the problem of unstable forms of employment and found statistically significant correlations were found between the expectation rate of possible job loss and non-standard employment variables, and the rate of reporting exposure to risk factors that affect mental wellbeing and precarious employment rates.
Abstract: This study is focused on the assumption that the analyses focused on sustainable human resource management (HRM) should include the problem of unstable forms of employment. Reference was also made to Poland, the country where the share of unstable forms of employment is the highest in the European Union. The authors based their findings on the literature and the data published, i.e., by Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Poland, accompanied by CSR reports. Insecure forms of employment have negative impact on employees’ health, primarily regarding their mental health. Statistically significant correlations were found between the expectation rate of possible job loss and non-standard employment variables, and the rate of reporting exposure to risk factors that affect mental wellbeing and precarious employment rates. However, conducting statistical analyses at the macro level is associated with limitations resulting from leaving out many important factors characteristic of the given countries and affecting the presented data. Current guidelines, relevant to reporting the use of non-standard forms of employment by enterprises, are inconsistent. Companies voluntarily demonstrate the scope of using non-permanent forms of employment and not referring to the issue of employees’ choice of a given type of employment and employees’ health. Future research projects should be focused on developing a comprehensive, coherent and universal tool allowing for an assessment of the implementation level of sustainable HRM ideas in an organization, including standardized reporting of non-permanent employment and employees’ health, and making comparisons not only between organizations, but also between countries.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study indicates that the complexity of the selection process for entering VR and various factors beyond disability may prevent individuals to benefit from the VR programme.
Abstract: "This is a copy of an article published in the DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION © 2017 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD"

6 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of precarious employment on mental health, self-rated health and happiness in marriage in the Arab world using the Survey of Yong People in Egypt (SYPE) conducted in 2009 and 2014.
Abstract: The work environment has witnessed dramatic changes over the past three decades as a result of globalization, competition, and economic uncertainty, which led to a sharp rise in precarious employment across the world. Although the number of precarious jobs has increased considerably in the Arab countries over the recent decades, little is known about such jobs’ social and health consequences. Using Egypt as a case study, this paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by adding new evidence on the social consequences of precarious employment from an understudied region. This paper particularly looks at the impact of precarious employment on mental health, self-rated health and happiness in marriage. We use longitudinal data from the Survey of Yong People in Egypt (SYPE) conducted in 2009 and 2014. To estimate the causal impact of precarious employment, we employ several identification strategies, namely fixed and random effect regressions and instrumental variable two stage least squares. Our findings suggest that precarious employment is associated with poor mental health and worse well-being among youth. Our main findings remained across different identification strategies with different assumptions. The adverse impact of precarious work is likely to be mediated, though in some models it is a partial mediation, through poor working conditions such as low salary, maltreatment at work, job insecurity, and harassment from colleagues.

5 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Other researchers went for panel data techniques such as fixed effect models to control for the unobserved characteristics (Bardasi & Francesconi 2004; Böckerman & Ilmakunnas 2009; Minelli et al. 2014)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the null hypothesis of no misspecification was used to show that an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptonically inefficient estimator, and specification tests for a number of model specifications in econometrics.
Abstract: Using the result that under the null hypothesis of no misspecification an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero asymptotic covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptotically inefficient estimator, specification tests are devised for a number of model specifications in econometrics. Local power is calculated for small departures from the null hypothesis. An instrumental variable test as well as tests for a time series cross section model and the simultaneous equation model are presented. An empirical model provides evidence that unobserved individual factors are present which are not orthogonal to the included right-hand-side variable in a common econometric specification of an individual wage equation.

16,198 citations


"Employment status and perceived hea..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Finally, we test the fixed-effects type against the random-effects specification of the model by means of the Hausman test [39]: under the null hypothesis of correct specification of the joint distribution of αi and εit , both the fixed-effects and the random-effects estimators are consistent but the latter is more efficient; under the alternative, only the fixed-effects estimator is consistent....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work examines the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples and suggests several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.
Abstract: We examine the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples. Twenty-seven studies in U.S. and international journals show impressively consistent findings. Global self-rated health is an independent predictor of mortality in nearly all of the studies, despite the inclusion of numerous specific health status indicators and other relevant covariates known to predict mortality. We summarize and review these studies, consider various interpretations which could account for the association, and suggest several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.

7,940 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size, and it is well known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does not have this consistency property.
Abstract: This paper deals with data that has a group structure. A simple example in the context of a linear regression model is E(yitlx, 1S, ar) = P'xit + ai (i = 1, ...,9 N; t = 1, ... T), where there are T observations within each of N groups. The ai are group specific parameters. Our primary concern is with the estimation of f3, a parameter vector common to all groups. The role of the ai is to control for group specific effects; i.e. for omitted variables that are constant within a group. The regression function that does not condition on the group will not in general identify 1: E(yitlx, 13) 0 1'xit. In this case there is an omitted variable bias. An important application is generated by longitudinal or panel data, in which there are two or more observations on each individual. Then the group is the individual, and the ai capture individual differences. If these person effects are correlated with x, then a regression function that fails to control for them will not identify f. In another important application the group is a family, with observations on two or more siblings within the family. Then the ai capture omitted variables that are family specific, and they give a concrete representation to family background. We shall assume that observations from different groups are independent. Then the ai are incidental parameters (Neyman and Scott (1948)), and 0, which is common to the independent sampling units, is a vector of structural parameters. In the application to sibling data, T is small, typically T= 2, whereas there may be a large number of families. Small T and large N are also characteristic of many of the currently available longitudinal data sets. So a basic statistical issue is to develop an estimator for j that has good properties in this case. In particular, the estimator ought to be consistent as N -> ac for fixed T. It is well-known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does have this consistency property. The problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size. We shall work with the following probability model: Yit is a binary variable with

2,398 citations


"Employment status and perceived hea..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The estimation of an ordered fixed-effects logit model can be reduced to the estimation of a fixed-effects binary logit model [35-37] once the K category responses have been transformed in K - 1 binary response variables categories....

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  • ...jSee [37] and [38] for further details....

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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the joint maximum likelihood estimator of the structural parameters is not consistent as the number of groups increases, with a fixed number of observations per group, and a conditional likelihood function is maximized, conditional on sufficient statistics for the incidental parameters.
Abstract: In data with a group structure, incidental parameters are included to control for missing variables. Applications include longitudinal data and sibling data. In general, the joint maximum likelihood estimator of the structural parameters is not consistent as the number of groups increases, with a fixed number of observations per group. Instead a conditional likelihood function is maximized, conditional on sufficient statistics for the incidental parameters. In the logit case, a standard conditional logit program can be used. Another solution is a random effects model, in which the distribution of the incidental parameters may depend upon the exogenous variables.

2,338 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model describing the health assessment process is proposed to show how self-rated health can reflect the states of the human body and mind and the focus is on the social and biological pathways that mediate information from the human organism to individual consciousness.

1,938 citations