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Employment status and perceived health condition: longitudinal data from Italy
TL;DR: Evidence is offered on the relationship between self-reported health and the employment status in Italy using the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), which finds that temporary workers, first-job seekers and unemployed individuals are worse off than permanent employees.
Abstract: The considerable increase of non-standard labor contracts, unemployment and inactivity rates raises the question of whether job insecurity and the lack of job opportunities affect physical and mental well-being differently from being employed with an open-ended contract. In this paper we offer evidence on the relationship between Self Reported Health Status (SRHS) and the employment status in Italy using the Survey on Household Income and Wealth; another aim is to investigate whether these potential inequalities have changed with the recent economic downturn (time period 2006-2010). We estimate an ordered logit model with SRHS as response variable based on a fixed-effects approach which has certain advantages with respect to the random-effects formulation and has not been applied before with SRHS data. The fixed-effects nature of the model also allows us to solve the problems of incidental parameters and non-random selection of individuals into different labor market categories. We find that temporary workers, unemployed and inactive individuals are worse off than permanent employees, especially males, young workers, and those living in the center and south of Italy. Health inequalities between unemployed/inactive and permanent workers widen over time for males and young workers, and arise in the north of the country as well.
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In Eurostat 2015, 13,6 % der abhängig Beschäftigten Teilzeitarbeitende with bis zu 20 Wochenstunden, 6,5 % geringfügig beschäfigt, 1,9 % zählen zu den Leiharbeitern and 6,9% haben befristete Verträge (Statistisches Bundesamt 2015).
Abstract: Dass Gesundheit ein ungleich verteiltes Gut ist, ist ein anerkannter und empirisch gut dokumentierter Befund. Gesundheitliche Risiken stehen in deutlichem Zusammenhang mit sozioökonomischen Merkmalen; sie steigen, je niedriger das Einkommen, je geringer die Qualifikation und je schlechter die Arbeitsmarkteinbindung einer Person ausfällt (Lampert / Mielck 2008). Arbeitsmarktintegration gilt am ehesten mit dem sogenannten Normalarbeitsverhältnis (Mückenberger 1985) als verwirklicht. Damit assoziierte Merkmale wie Vollzeitbeschäftigung und existenzsichernde Entlohnung, Kontinuität, Entfristung und ausreichender sozialversicherungsrechtlicher Schutz werden aber längst nicht mehr allen Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern zuteil. Im Jahr 2014 sind in Deutschland 13,6 % der abhängig Beschäftigten Teilzeitarbeitende mit bis zu 20 Wochenstunden, 6,5 % geringfügig beschäftigt, 1,9 % zählen zu den Leiharbeitern und 6,9 % haben befristete Verträge (Statistisches Bundesamt 2015). In Europa schwankt das Ausmaß atypisch Beschäftigter als Anteil an allen Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter im Jahr 2014 zwischen 49,6 % in den Niederlanden und 2,5 % in Bulgarien bei den Teilzeitbeschäftigten und bei den befristet Beschäftigten zwischen 28,3 % in Polen und 1,5 % in Rumänien (Eurostat 2015). Arbeitnehmer berichten einen signifikant besseren Gesundheitszustand als erwerbslose Personen (Arber et al. 2014). Erwerbsarbeit stiftet Lebenssinn und Anerkennung und fördert das Selbstbewusstsein sowie die gesellschaftliche Integration. Diese mit Erwerbsarbeit einhergehenden gesundheitlichen Vorteile werden aber nicht allen Beschäftigungsformen gleichermaßen zuteil. Es sind vor allem die an atypische Beschäftigung vermehrt gekoppelte niedrige Entlohnung und fehlende soziale Sicherheit, Instabilität und Verunsicherung, aus der die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit psychosozialer und gesundheitlicher Einschränkungen resultiert (Dörre 2003). Zu gesundheitlichen Belastungen im Zusammenhang mit flexibilisierter Beschäftigung liegt bislang nur wenig empirische Evidenz vor. Es fehlen vor allem Ländervergleiche, die die unterschiedliche soziale Absicherung atypisch Beschäftigter sowie das Ausmaß an Flexibilisierung berücksichtigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellen wir die Frage, ob und auf welche Weise in Europa atypische Beschäftigungsformen und Gesundheit miteinander in Verbindung stehen. Ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit, so unsere Annahme, werden maßgeblich danach variieren, wie die einzelnen Länder Flexibilisierungsmaßnahmen und soziale Sicherung austarieren. Deshalb schenken wir den institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit und fragen nach der vermittelnden Rolle arbeitsmarktpolitischer und sozialstaatlicher Maßnahmen. In Abschnitt 2 stellen wir den Forschungsstand zum Zusammenhang von atypischer Beschäftigung und Gesundheit vor. Daran anschließend erläutert der dritte Abschnitt die hier verwendeten Theoriebausteine, zunächst mit einem AbAtypische Beschäftigung und Gesundheit in Europa
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Cites background from "Employment status and perceived hea..."
...…in Italien und Deutschland mit gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen verbunden, insbesondere bei Vollzeit arbeitenden Männern (Rodriguez 2002; Minelli et al. 2014), in Finnland hingegen haben befristet beschäftigte Männer einen signifikant besseren Gesundheitszustand als unbefristet…...
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the null hypothesis of no misspecification was used to show that an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptonically inefficient estimator, and specification tests for a number of model specifications in econometrics.
Abstract: Using the result that under the null hypothesis of no misspecification an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero asymptotic covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptotically inefficient estimator, specification tests are devised for a number of model specifications in econometrics. Local power is calculated for small departures from the null hypothesis. An instrumental variable test as well as tests for a time series cross section model and the simultaneous equation model are presented. An empirical model provides evidence that unobserved individual factors are present which are not orthogonal to the included right-hand-side variable in a common econometric specification of an individual wage equation.
16,198 citations
"Employment status and perceived hea..." refers methods in this paper
...Finally, we test the fixed-effects type against the random-effects specification of the model by means of the Hausman test [39]: under the null hypothesis of correct specification of the joint distribution of αi and εit , both the fixed-effects and the random-effects estimators are consistent but the latter is more efficient; under the alternative, only the fixed-effects estimator is consistent....
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TL;DR: This work examines the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples and suggests several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.
Abstract: We examine the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples. Twenty-seven studies in U.S. and international journals show impressively consistent findings. Global self-rated health is an independent predictor of mortality in nearly all of the studies, despite the inclusion of numerous specific health status indicators and other relevant covariates known to predict mortality. We summarize and review these studies, consider various interpretations which could account for the association, and suggest several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.
7,940 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size, and it is well known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does not have this consistency property.
Abstract: This paper deals with data that has a group structure. A simple example in the context of a linear regression model is E(yitlx, 1S, ar) = P'xit + ai (i = 1, ...,9 N; t = 1, ... T), where there are T observations within each of N groups. The ai are group specific parameters. Our primary concern is with the estimation of f3, a parameter vector common to all groups. The role of the ai is to control for group specific effects; i.e. for omitted variables that are constant within a group. The regression function that does not condition on the group will not in general identify 1: E(yitlx, 13) 0 1'xit. In this case there is an omitted variable bias. An important application is generated by longitudinal or panel data, in which there are two or more observations on each individual. Then the group is the individual, and the ai capture individual differences. If these person effects are correlated with x, then a regression function that fails to control for them will not identify f. In another important application the group is a family, with observations on two or more siblings within the family. Then the ai capture omitted variables that are family specific, and they give a concrete representation to family background. We shall assume that observations from different groups are independent. Then the ai are incidental parameters (Neyman and Scott (1948)), and 0, which is common to the independent sampling units, is a vector of structural parameters. In the application to sibling data, T is small, typically T= 2, whereas there may be a large number of families. Small T and large N are also characteristic of many of the currently available longitudinal data sets. So a basic statistical issue is to develop an estimator for j that has good properties in this case. In particular, the estimator ought to be consistent as N -> ac for fixed T. It is well-known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does have this consistency property. The problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size. We shall work with the following probability model: Yit is a binary variable with
2,398 citations
"Employment status and perceived hea..." refers methods in this paper
...The estimation of an ordered fixed-effects logit model can be reduced to the estimation of a fixed-effects binary logit model [35-37] once the K category responses have been transformed in K - 1 binary response variables categories....
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...jSee [37] and [38] for further details....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the joint maximum likelihood estimator of the structural parameters is not consistent as the number of groups increases, with a fixed number of observations per group, and a conditional likelihood function is maximized, conditional on sufficient statistics for the incidental parameters.
Abstract: In data with a group structure, incidental parameters are included to control for missing variables. Applications include longitudinal data and sibling data. In general, the joint maximum likelihood estimator of the structural parameters is not consistent as the number of groups increases, with a fixed number of observations per group. Instead a conditional likelihood function is maximized, conditional on sufficient statistics for the incidental parameters. In the logit case, a standard conditional logit program can be used. Another solution is a random effects model, in which the distribution of the incidental parameters may depend upon the exogenous variables.
2,338 citations
TL;DR: A model describing the health assessment process is proposed to show how self-rated health can reflect the states of the human body and mind and the focus is on the social and biological pathways that mediate information from the human organism to individual consciousness.
1,938 citations