Encrypted key exchange: password-based protocols secure against dictionary attacks
04 May 1992-pp 72-84
TL;DR: A combination of asymmetric (public-key) and symmetric (secret- key) cryptography that allow two parties sharing a common password to exchange confidential and authenticated information over an insecure network is introduced.
Abstract: Classic cryptographic protocols based on user-chosen keys allow an attacker to mount password-guessing attacks. A combination of asymmetric (public-key) and symmetric (secret-key) cryptography that allow two parties sharing a common password to exchange confidential and authenticated information over an insecure network is introduced. In particular, a protocol relying on the counter-intuitive motion of using a secret key to encrypt a public key is presented. Such protocols are secure against active attacks, and have the property that the password is protected against offline dictionary attacks. >
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: A description of the security requirements one expects from a password-based key establishment protocol in order to support secure applications, and a security proof of PACE v2 IM in the so-called Bellare-Pointcheval-Rogaway (BPR) security model are provided.
Abstract: We describe and analyze the password-based key establishment protocol PACE v2 Integrated Mapping (IM), an evolution of PACE v1 jointly proposed by Gemalto and Sagem Securite. PACE v2 IM enjoys the following properties:
patent-freeness (to the best of current knowledge in the field);
full resistance to dictionary attacks, secrecy and forward secrecy in the security model agreed upon by the CEN TC224 WG16 group;
optimal performances.
The PACE v2 IM protocol is intended to provide an alternative to the German PACE v1 protocol, which is also the German PACE v2 Generic Mapping (GM) protocol, proposed by the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). In this document, we provide
a description of PACE v2 IM,
a description of the security requirements one expects from a password-based key establishment protocol in order to support secure applications,
a security proof of PACE v2 IM in the so-called Bellare-Pointcheval-Rogaway (BPR) security model.
16 citations
09 Feb 2004
TL;DR: Preliminary analysis indicates that the new protocol offer opportunities for improved security, improved user-friendliness, and greater flexibility (e.g. in customizing protocol parameters to particular situations).
Abstract: Pinkas and Sander’s (2002) login protocol protects against online guessing attacks by employing human-in-the-loop techniques (also known as Reverse Turing Tests or RTTs). We first note that this, and other protocols involving RTTs, are susceptible to minor variations of well-known middle-person attacks, and suggest techniques to address such attacks. We then present complementary modifications in what we call a history-based protocol with RTT’s. Preliminary analysis indicates that the new protocol offer opportunities for improved security, improved user-friendliness (fewer RTTs to legitimate users), and greater flexibility (e.g. in customizing protocol parameters to particular situations).
16 citations
TL;DR: A novel parallel key exchange protocol is proposed to reduce the waiting time in this paper based on the most suitable protocol for wireless communication.
Abstract: Keeping the communication security between two parties and reducing the computations are important issues, especially in a wireless network environment. Based on the most suitable protocol for wireless communication, we propose a novel parallel key exchange protocol to reduce the waiting time in this paper.
16 citations
Cites methods from "Encrypted key exchange: password-ba..."
...The off-line guessing attacks in the passwordauthenticated key agreement protocol were considered by Bellovin and Merritt in 1992 [6]....
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TL;DR: The proposed threeparty authentication key exchange protocol is provable secure under Computational Diffie-Hellman assumptions in the standard model and the novel protocol is more efficient.
Abstract: The authentication key exchange protocol enables communication participants to authenticate each other and agree on the session key over an insecure public network. Recently, a three-party authentication key exchange protocol based on Elliptic curve cryptograph is proposed. In this paper, we improve the three-party encrypted key exchange protocol by bilinear maps. The proposed threeparty authentication key exchange protocol is provable secure under Computational Diffie-Hellman assumptions in the standard model. Furthermore, the novel protocol is more efficient.
15 citations
Cites background from "Encrypted key exchange: password-ba..."
...[1] S. Bellovin, M. Merritt, “Encrypted key exchange: passwords based protocols secure against dictionary attacks”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy’92, pp.7284, 1992....
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...Bellovin and Merritt [1] introduced a two-party password-based authentication key exchange protocol....
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05 Sep 2018
TL;DR: Encrypted PAKE literature addresses the password-only setting, without assuming certified public keys, but it commonly does not address the asymmetric PAKE setting which is required for client-to-server authentication.
Abstract: Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) establishes a shared key between two parties who hold the same password, assuring security against offline password-guessing attacks. The asymmetric PAKE (a.k.a. augmented or verifier-based PAKE) strengthens this notion by allowing one party, typically a server, to hold a one-way hash of the password, with the property that a compromise of the server allows the adversary to recover the password only via the offline dictionary attack against this hashed password. Today’s client-to-server Internet authentication is asymmetric, with the server holding only a (salted) password hash, but it relies on client’s trust in the server’s public key certificate. By contrast, cryptographic PAKE literature addresses the password-only setting, without assuming certified public keys, but it commonly does not address the asymmetric PAKE setting which is required for client-to-server authentication.
15 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper suggests ways to solve currently open problems in cryptography, and discusses how the theories of communication and computation are beginning to provide the tools to solve cryptographic problems of long standing.
Abstract: Two kinds of contemporary developments in cryptography are examined. Widening applications of teleprocessing have given rise to a need for new types of cryptographic systems, which minimize the need for secure key distribution channels and supply the equivalent of a written signature. This paper suggests ways to solve these currently open problems. It also discusses how the theories of communication and computation are beginning to provide the tools to solve cryptographic problems of long standing.
14,980 citations
"Encrypted key exchange: password-ba..." refers background or methods in this paper
...ElGamal’s algorithm is derived from the DiffieHellman exponential key exchange protocol[2]; accordingly, we will review the latter first....
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...And even this risk is minimal if B performs certain checks to guard against easily-solvable choices: that β is indeed prime, that it is large enough (and hence not susceptible to precalculation of tables), that β − 1 have at least one large prime factor (to guard against Pohlig and Hellman’s algorithm[13]), and that α is a primitive root of GF (β)....
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...The use given above for asymmetric encryption — simply using it to pass a key for a symmetric encryption system — is an example of what Diffie and Hellman[2] call a public key distribution system....
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...It works especially well with exponential key exchange [2]....
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TL;DR: An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key.
Abstract: An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key. This has two important consequences: (1) Couriers or other secure means are not needed to transmit keys, since a message can be enciphered using an encryption key publicly revealed by the intented recipient. Only he can decipher the message, since only he knows the corresponding decryption key. (2) A message can be “signed” using a privately held decryption key. Anyone can verify this signature using the corresponding publicly revealed encryption key. Signatures cannot be forged, and a signer cannot later deny the validity of his signature. This has obvious applications in “electronic mail” and “electronic funds transfer” systems. A message is encrypted by representing it as a number M, raising M to a publicly specified power e, and then taking the remainder when the result is divided by the publicly specified product, n, of two large secret primer numbers p and q. Decryption is similar; only a different, secret, power d is used, where e * d ≡ 1(mod (p - 1) * (q - 1)). The security of the system rests in part on the difficulty of factoring the published divisor, n.
14,659 citations
"Encrypted key exchange: password-ba..." refers methods in this paper
...Section 2 describes the asymmetric cryptosystem variant and implementations using RSA[ 3 ] and ElGamal[4]....
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...We will use RSA[ 3 ] to illustrate the difficulties....
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23 Aug 1985
TL;DR: A new signature scheme is proposed, together with an implementation of the Diffie-Hellman key distribution scheme that achieves a public key cryptosystem that relies on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms over finite fields.
Abstract: A new signature scheme is proposed, together with an implementation of the Diffie-Hellman key distribution scheme that achieves a public key cryptosystem. The security of both systems relies on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms over finite fields.
7,514 citations
19 Aug 1984
TL;DR: In this article, a new signature scheme is proposed together with an implementation of the Diffie-Hellman key distribution scheme that achieves a public key cryptosystem and the security of both systems relies on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms over finite fields.
Abstract: A new signature scheme is proposed together with an implementation of the Diffie - Hellman key distribution scheme that achieves a public key cryptosystem. The security of both systems relies on the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms over finite fields.
2,351 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1982TL;DR: The goal of this book is to introduce the mathematical principles of data security and to show how these principles apply to operating systems, database systems, and computer networks.
Abstract: From the Preface (See Front Matter for full Preface)
Electronic computers have evolved from exiguous experimental enterprises in the 1940s to prolific practical data processing systems in the 1980s. As we have come to rely on these systems to process and store data, we have also come to wonder about their ability to protect valuable data.
Data security is the science and study of methods of protecting data in computer and communication systems from unauthorized disclosure and modification. The goal of this book is to introduce the mathematical principles of data security and to show how these principles apply to operating systems, database systems, and computer networks. The book is for students and professionals seeking an introduction to these principles. There are many references for those who would like to study specific topics further.
Data security has evolved rapidly since 1975. We have seen exciting developments in cryptography: public-key encryption, digital signatures, the Data Encryption Standard (DES), key safeguarding schemes, and key distribution protocols. We have developed techniques for verifying that programs do not leak confidential data, or transmit classified data to users with lower security clearances. We have found new controls for protecting data in statistical databases--and new methods of attacking these databases. We have come to a better understanding of the theoretical and practical limitations to security.
1,937 citations
"Encrypted key exchange: password-ba..." refers background in this paper
...Can such a random odd number less than a known n be distinguished from a valid public key e? Assume that p and q are chosen to be of the form 2p′ + 1 and 2q′ + 1, where p′ and q′ are primes, a choice that is recommended for other reasons [9]....
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