Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies.
01 Jan 1995-Journal of Clinical Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 33, Iss: 1, pp 154-160
TL;DR: P phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolate indicated that this organism, which can induce endocarditis in dogs, is a novel Bartonella subspecies containing an insertion sequence unique among currently recognized Bart onella species.
Abstract: Vegetative valvular endocarditis involving the aortic and, to a lesser extent, mitral valves was diagnosed echocardiographically in a 3-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever. Historically, the dog had been treated with tetracycline hydrochloride and prednisolone for positive seroreactivity to Ehrlichia canis and antinuclear antigens. Although three aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures failed to grow bacteria, blood cultured simultaneously by the lysis centrifugation technique grew a fastidious, gram-negative organism. Despite an initial therapeutic response, the owner elected euthanasia 17 days later. Necropsy confirmed aortic and mitral valvular endocarditis. Bacteria phenotypically similar to Bartonella species were visualized in the heart valve by light and electron microscopy, and Bartonella DNA from a frozen heart valve was amplified by PCR. Subsequent phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolate, including biochemical testing, cellular fatty acid analysis, DNA hybridization, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that this organism, which can induce endocarditis in dogs, is a novel Bartonella subspecies containing an insertion sequence unique among currently recognized Bartonella species. The name Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkoffii subsp. nov. will be proposed for this organism.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Members of the genus Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) were virtually unknown to modern-day clinicians and microbiologists until they were associated with opportunistic infections in AIDS patients about 6 years ago, and the current status of laboratory diagnosis and identification of these organisms is reviewed.
Abstract: Members of the genus Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) were virtually unknown to modern-day clinicians and microbiologists until they were associated with opportunistic infections in AIDS patients about 6 years ago. Since that time, Bartonella species have been associated with cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and a variety of other disease syndromes. Clinical presentation of infection with Bartonella ranges from a relatively mild lymphadenopathy with few other symptoms, seen in cat scratch disease, to life-threatening systemic disease in the immunocompromised patient. In some individuals, infection manifests as lesions that exhibit proliferation of endothelial cells and neovascularization, a pathogenic process unique to this genus of bacteria. As the spectrum of disease attributed to Bartonella is further defined, the need for reliable laboratory methods to diagnose infections caused by these unique organisms also increases. A brief summary of the clinical presentations associated with Bartonella infections is presented, and the current status of laboratory diagnosis and identification of these organisms is reviewed.
488 citations
Cites background or methods from "Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..."
...An additional organism that has been shown to cause endocarditis in dogs (27) has been named a subspecies of B....
[...]
...to other bacteria (23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 48, 142, 159), as originally proposed by Weisburg et al....
[...]
TL;DR: The in vitro antibiotic susceptibility data and the knowledge of the in vivo efficacies of antibiotics for each clinical manifestation are compiled, and the treatment recommendations are summarized and ranked according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America practice guidelines.
Abstract: Members of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular bacteria belonging to the alpha 2 subgroup of the class Proteobacteria and are phylogenetically closely related to Brucella species (15, 73). Until 1993, only three diseases were known to be caused by Bartonella species: Carrion's disease (Bartonella bacilliformis), trench fever (Bartonella quintana), and cat scratch disease (CSD; Bartonella henselae). The genus now comprises B. bacilliformis, species of the former genera Rochalimea and Grahamella (14, 18), and additional, recently described species (Table (Table1).1). In mammals, each Bartonella species is highly adapted to its reservoir host; the bacteria can persist in the bloodstream of the host as the result of intraerythrocytic parasitism (49). Intraerythrocytic localization of B. henselae has been demonstrated in cat erythrocytes (88), and B. bacilliformis bacilli have been observed within erythrocytes during the acute phase of Carrion's disease (Oroya fever) (88). Bartonellae also have a tropism for endothelial cells, and intracellular B. henselae can be identified in endothelial cells infected in vitro (28), although intraendothelial cell bacilli have not been identified in vivo.
TABLE 1.
Epidemiological and clinical data for species of the genus Bartonella
Bartonella species cause long-recognized diseases, such as Carrion's disease, trench fever, and CSD, and more recently recognized diseases, such as bacillary angiomatosis (BA), peliosis hepatis (PH), chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders (Table (Table2)2) (73). A remarkable feature of the genus Bartonella is the ability of a single species to cause either acute or chronic infection and either vascular proliferative or suppurative manifestations.
TABLE 2.
Human diseases caused by Bartonella spp.
The pathological response to infection with Bartonella spp. varies substantially with the status of the host immune system. Indeed, infection with the same Bartonella species (e.g., B. henselae) can result in a focal suppurative reaction (CSD in immunocompetent patients), a multifocal angioproliferative response (BA in immunocompromised patients), endovascular multiplication of the bacteria (endocarditis), or an exaggerated inflammatory response without evidence of bacteria in patient tissues (meningoencephalitis) (86).
Some of the diseases due to Bartonella species can resolve spontaneously without treatment, but in other cases, the disease is fatal without antibiotic treatment and/or surgery. The clinical situations are so different that a single treatment for all Bartonella-related diseases has not been identified, and the approach to treatment must be adapted to each species and clinical situation (49). Moreover, the database of clinical studies with a standard case definition, culture confirmation, rigidly defined disease outcomes, and patients with similar host defenses is very limited. Thus, case reports with a very limited number of subjects often serve to dictate therapy. The objective of this minireview is to summarize the antibiotic treatment recommendations for the different infections caused by Bartonella species. We have compiled the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility data and our knowledge of the in vivo efficacies of antibiotics for each clinical manifestation, and finally, we have summarized and ranked our treatment recommendations according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) practice guidelines (see Table Table5)5) (51).
TABLE 5.
System for ranking recommendations in clinical guidelines recommended by IDSAa
450 citations
TL;DR: Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp.
Abstract: Recent observations have begun to support a role for Bartonella spp. as animal as well as human pathogens. Bartonella spp. are vector-transmitted, blood-borne, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that can induce prolonged infection in the host. Persistent infections in domestic and wild animals result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella organisms in nature that can serve as a source for inadvertent human infection. The prevalence of bacteremia can range from 50 to 95% in selected rodent, cat, deer, and cattle populations. Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop lameness, endocarditis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and peliosis hepatis, lesions that have also been reported in association with human infection. Understanding the role of Bartonella spp. as pathogens in cats and other wild or domestic animals awaits the results of additional studies. Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp., both animal and human exposure to these organisms may be more substantial than is currently believed.
428 citations
Cites result from "Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..."
...can develop disease manifestations that are similar to lesions reported in human patients, including endocarditis (14, 16), granulomatous lymphadenitis, granulomatous rhinitis (83), and peliosis hepatis (53)....
[...]
...berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis (14)....
[...]
TL;DR: The factors associated with the emergence of these zoonotic pathogens, including better diagnostic tools and methods to identify these fastidious bacteria, host immunosuppression, the interaction of co-infection by several infectious agents that may enhanced the pathogenecity of these bacteria, increased outdoor activity leading to exposure to wildlife reservoirs or vectors, poverty and low income associated with infestation by various ectoparasites, and finally the dispersal of Bartonellae around the world are reviewed.
Abstract: Within the last 15 years, several bacteria of the genus Bartonella were recognized as zoonotic agents in humans and isolated from various mammalian reservoirs. Based on either isolation of the bacterium or PCR testing, eight Bartonella species or subspecies have been recognized as zoonotic agents, including B. henselae, B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. grahamii, B. washoensis and more recently B. koehlerae. The present manuscript reviews the factors associated with the emergence of these zoonotic pathogens, including better diagnostic tools and methods to identify these fastidious bacteria, host immunosuppression (caused by infectious agents, cancer, aging or induced by immunosuppressive drugs), the interaction of co-infection by several infectious agents that may enhanced the pathogenecity of these bacteria, increased outdoor activity leading to exposure to wildlife reservoirs or vectors, poverty and low income associated with infestation by various ectoparasites, such as body lice and finally the dispersal of Bartonellae around the world. Furthermore, a description of the main epidemiological and clinical features of zoonotic Bartonellae is given. Finally, the main means for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases are presented.
364 citations
TL;DR: Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.
Abstract: The microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. Bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. Our review has focused on bite wound infections in humans from dogs, cats, and a variety of other animals such as monkeys, bears, pigs, ferrets, horses, sheep, Tasmanian devils, snakes, Komodo dragons, monitor lizards, iguanas, alligators/crocodiles, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, prairie dogs, swans, and sharks. The medical literature in this area has been made up mostly of small case series or case reports. Very few studies have been systematic and are often limited to dog or cat bite injuries. Limitations of studies include a lack of established or inconsistent criteria for an infected wound and a failure to utilize optimal techniques in pathogen isolation, especially for anaerobic organisms. There is also a lack of an understanding of the pathogenic significance of all cultured organisms. Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.
288 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The recently‐developed statistical method known as the “bootstrap” can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies and shows significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
Abstract: The recently-developed statistical method known as the "bootstrap" can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies. It involves resampling points from one's own data, with replacement, to create a series of bootstrap samples of the same size as the original data. Each of these is analyzed, and the variation among the resulting estimates taken to indicate the size of the error involved in making estimates from the original data. In the case of phylogenies, it is argued that the proper method of resampling is to keep all of the original species while sampling characters with replacement, under the assumption that the characters have been independently drawn by the systematist and have evolved independently. Majority-rule consensus trees can be used to construct a phylogeny showing all of the inferred monophyletic groups that occurred in a majority of the bootstrap samples. If a group shows up 95% of the time or more, the evidence for it is taken to be statistically significant. Existing computer programs can be used to analyze different bootstrap samples by using weights on the characters, the weight of a character being how many times it was drawn in bootstrap sampling. When all characters are perfectly compatible, as envisioned by Hennig, bootstrap sampling becomes unnecessary; the bootstrap method would show significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
40,349 citations
"Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..." refers methods in this paper
...Alignments were placed in a tree by using the maximum-likelihood method (7)....
[...]
TL;DR: The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome data along with related programs and services that include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software packages for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees.
Abstract: The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome-related data, analysis services, and associated computer programs. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams, and various software for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via anonymous ftp (rdp.life.uiuc.edu), electronic mail (server/rdp.life.uiuc.edu) and gopher (rdpgopher.life.uiuc.edu). The electronic mail server also provides ribosomal probe checking, approximate phylogenetic placement of user-submitted sequences, screening for chimeric nature of newly sequenced rRNAs, and automated alignment.
1,660 citations
"Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..." refers methods in this paper
...It is unusual in that no other organism in the version of the Ribosomal Database Project used had as long a sequence at this point....
[...]
...Phylogenetic analysis was performed by aligning our sequence with sequences from the Ribosomal Database Project (16) by using the Genetic Data Environment (23) on a Sun Sparcstation II (Sun Microsystems, Mountain View, Calif.)....
[...]
...Phylogenetic analysis was performed by aligning our sequence with sequences from the Ribosomal Database Project (16) by using the Genetic Data Environment (23) on a Sun Sparcstation II (Sun Microsystems, Mountain View, Calif....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria using X-ray diffraction analysis for the determination of Na6(CO3)(SO4)2, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 are used.
Abstract: Biochemical Tests for identification of medical bacteria , Biochemical Tests for identification of medical bacteria , کتابخانه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی کرمان
1,344 citations
TL;DR: You can easily find and get this biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria by reading this site.
Abstract: If you get the printed book in on-line book store, you may also find the same problem. So, you must move store to store and search for the available there. But, it will not happen here. The book that we will offer right here is the soft file concept. This is what make you can easily find and get this biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria by reading this site. We offer you the best product, always and always.
909 citations
"Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..." refers methods in this paper
...), were employed to test for various preformed enzymes and carbohydrate utilization (14)....
[...]
TL;DR: The cause of bacillary angiomatosis is a previously uncharacterized rickettsia-like organism, closely related to R. quintana.
Abstract: Background. Bacillary angiomatosis is an infectious disease causing proliferation of small blood vessels in the skin and visceral organs of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other immunocompromised hosts. The agent is often visualized in tissue sections of lesions with Warthin—Starry staining, but the bacillus has not been successfully cultured or identified. This bacillus may also cause cat scratch disease. Methods. In attempting to identify this organism, we used the polymerase chain reaction. We used oligonucleotide primers complementary to the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of eubacteria to amplify 16S ribosomal gene fragments directly from tissue samples of bacillary angiomatosis. The DNA sequence of these fragments was determined and analyzed for phylogenetic relatedness to other known organisms. Normal tissues were studied in parallel. Results. Tissue from three unrelated patients with bacillary angiomatosis yielded a unique 16S gene sequence. A sequence obtained from a fou...
841 citations
"Endocarditis in a dog due to infect..." refers background in this paper
...henselae has been implicated as a cause of cat scratch disease, fever, AIDS encephalopathy, cutaneous and cerebral bacillary angiomatosis, bone pain with osteolysis, and parenchymal lymphoid or necroinflammatory nodules (8, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 30)....
[...]