Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: a PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
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...…sarcoidosis, graftversus-host disease Drugs: Human recombinant IL-7 (CYT107) Clinical trials: Cancer treatment, improving recovery after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, HIV therapy, sepsis, lymphopenia, cancer (Continued) J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME nnn, NUMBER nn AKDIS ET AL 13 TABLE II....
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...In addition to neutrophils, IL-8 also attracts NK cells, T cells, basophils, and GM-CSF– or IL-3–primed eosinophils.156 Increased IL-8 concentrations were found in inflammatory sites in patients with diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory syncytial virus infection, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.157 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME nnn, NUMBER nn AKDIS ET AL 21 IL-16 IL-16 was discovered as a T cell–specific chemoattractant.158 Pro–IL-16, its 80-kDa precursor protein, is cleaved by caspase3, resulting in a 60-kDa N-terminal fragment and a 14- to 17- kDa C-terminal fragment.159 The N-terminal fragment regulates the cell cycle, whereas the C-terminal fragment forms homotetramers (56 kDa) that mediate cytokine functions....
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...J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME nnn, NUMBER nn AKDIS ET AL 27 168....
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...IL-13R shares IL-4Ra with 4 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL nnn 2016 4 AKDIS ET AL = J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME nnn, NUMBER nn AKDIS ET AL 5 IL-18–deficient mice are more susceptible to bacterial infections than normal mice and have uncontrolled disease progression that is accompanied by reduced TH1 cell responses (see Table E2)....
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...109 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME nnn, NUMBER nn AKDIS ET AL 19 IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29 (IFN-l) IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29 (alternatively termed IFN-l2, IFN- l3 and IFN-l1, respectively) have homology with type I interferons, although the intron-exon structure of their genes more closely resembles that of the IL-10 family.110 A new gene upstream of IL-28B was discovered in 2013, and it was designated IFNL4....
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"Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Internationally, there is consensus concerning the clinical diagnosis of rhinosinusitis.(1,75,76) Rhinosinusitis represents a symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses involving the sinonasal tract....
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...control of disease in patients with CRS was introduced based on subjective and objective parameters of sinonasal inflammation.(1,86) Certain subtypes of CRS, such as cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, antrochoanal polyps, and fungal disease (allergic and invasive), are not specifically mentioned in the evidencebased guidelines for medical treatment because their medical treatment might not differ substantially from other phenotypes of rhinosinusitis and because surgery is the usual treatment for unilateral disease, such as antrochoanal polyps....
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...Therefore modified treatment strategies for children have been incorporated into the recent update of EPOS.(1,76,87) The general therapeutic approach to CRS consists of medical treatment and surgery in cases of medical failures with persistent symptoms....
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...Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is clinically defined as symptoms lasting less than 12 weeks with complete resolution.(1) Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which is the focus of this document, is defined as symptoms on most days lasting at least 12 weeks without complete resolution....
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...Furthermore, children might differ from adults in their pathophysiology because their immune system is not fullymature, and hypertrophy of the structures that constitute the Waldeyer ring might modify the disease phenotype.79 Therefore modified treatment strategies for children have been incorporated into the recent update of EPOS.1,76,87 The general therapeutic approach to CRS consists of medical treatment and surgery in cases of medical failures with persistent symptoms....
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...Interestingly, certain phyla of bacteria, such as proteobacteria, are more common in the lower airways of patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on deep sequencing of 16S RNA on biopsy samples.(12) Consistent with the unclear role of bacterial infection in many cases of CRS, CRS can be relatively unresponsive to most antibiotics....
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...STAT3 has been strongly linked to immunity because patients with defects in STAT3 manifest the hyper-IgE syndrome (Job disease), which is characterized by frequent infection with bacteria (especially S aureus) and fungi.(36) Studies demonstrate that epithelial host defense molecule release is mediated frequently by activation of STAT3, and a local decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation in tissues from patients with CRS might be mechanistically linked to a blunted innate immune response....
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