Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria.
TL;DR: This article corrects the article on p. 100 in vol.
Abstract: [This corrects the article on p. 100 in vol. 41.].
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TL;DR: A review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results are provided.
Abstract: Microbial fuel cell (MFC) research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. The construction and analysis of MFCs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging from microbiology and electrochemistry to materials and environmental engineering. Describing MFC systems therefore involves an understanding of these different scientific and engineering principles. In this paper, we provide a review of the different materials and methods used to construct MFCs, techniques used to analyze system performance, and recommendations on what information to include in MFC studies and the most useful ways to present results.
5,024 citations
TL;DR: New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements the authors' biology in ways that are mutually beneficial.
Abstract: The distal human intestine represents an anaerobic bioreactor programmed with an enormous population of bacteria, dominated by relatively few divisions that are highly diverse at the strain/subspecies level. This microbiota and its collective genomes (microbiome) provide us with genetic and metabolic attributes we have not been required to evolve on our own, including the ability to harvest otherwise inaccessible nutrients. New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements our biology in ways that are mutually beneficial. We are also starting to understand how certain keystone members of the microbiota operate to maintain the stability and functional adaptability of this microbial organ.
4,526 citations
TL;DR: The human gut is populated with as many as 100 trillion cells, whose collective genome, the microbiome, is a reflection of evolutionary selection pressures acting at the level of the host and at thelevel of the microbial cell.
2,915 citations
TL;DR: The present study focuses on the development and outline of a new treatment based on 16-year-old ribonucleic acid, as well as evidence in support of the new taxonomic treatment.
2,745 citations
TL;DR: How bacteria use an anode as an electron acceptor and to what extent they generate electrical output is discussed and the MFC technology is evaluated relative to current alternatives for energy generation.
2,042 citations
Cites background from "Energy conservation in chemotrophic..."
...For example, during fermentation of glucose, possible reactions can be: C6H12O6C2H2O/4H2C2CO2C2C2H4O2 or C6H12O6/2H2C2CO2CC4H8O2 [ 16 ]....
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...electron acceptor. For more information regarding bacterial energy conservation see [ 16 ]....
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TL;DR: Coupling of Phosphorylation to Electron and Hydrogen Transfer by a Chemi-Osmotic type of Mechanism is described.
Abstract: Coupling of Phosphorylation to Electron and Hydrogen Transfer by a Chemi-Osmotic type of Mechanism
4,039 citations
TL;DR: The end result of the coupling between the flows through the o/r and h/d pathways in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is that, for the equivalent of each pair of electrons traversing the respiratory chain, up to 3 anhydro-bond equivalents may normally traverse the h/D pathway from adenosine diphosphate plus inorganic phosphate (ADP +Pi) to water.
Abstract: 50 years ago Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978. His comprehensive review on chemiosmotic coupling known as the first "Grey Book", has been reprinted here with permission, to offer an electronic record and easy access to this important contribution to the biochemical literature. This remarkable account of Peter Mitchell's ideas originally published in 1966 is a landmark and must-read publication for any scientist in the field of bioenergetics. As far as was possible, the wording and format of the original publication have been retained. Some changes were required for consistency with BBA formats though these do not affect scientific meaning. A scanned version of the original publication is also provided as a downloadable file in Supplementary Information and can be found online at doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018. See also Editorial in this issue by Peter R. Rich. Original title: CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION, by Peter Mitchell, Glynn Research Laboratories, Bodmin, Cornwall, England.
3,225 citations
TL;DR: An electrostatic spray apparatus and method for spraying electrically conductive coating materials on a continuous basis from an electrically grounded bulk coating supply.
2,327 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1952
TL;DR: The Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties as mentioned in this paper, published by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1952, is a seminal work in the field of thermodynamics.
Abstract: The theoretical framework of thermodynamics was well established by the time NBS was founded, and certain important applications, such as improving the efficiency of steam engines, had been demonstrated. However, the broad application of thermodynamics to the design and control of industrial processes had to await the accumulation and organization of a large amount of experimental data, as well as theoretical contributions from quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. The appearance of Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties [1] in 1952 marked a significant milestone in this process. This book represented the culmination of 20 years of work by Frederick D. Rossini and coworkers in evaluating and systematizing the data that had appeared in the world literature on thermochemistry. It tabulated accurate values of the thermodynamic properties of all inorganic and simple organic compounds that had been investigated in a format that allowed prediction of the outcome of many thousands of chemical reactions. Such calculations, which indicate whether a reaction will take place and, if so, the extent of reaction and amount of heat released or absorbed, are immensely important in research and engineering. Selected Values, which was often referred to simply as “Circular 500” after its NBS publication designation, presented recommended values of the enthalpy (heat) of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity of individual chemical compounds in different physical states (solid, liquid, gas, or aqueous solution). All values were reduced to standard state conditions, defined by parameters such as temperature (25 C) and pressure (one standard atmosphere). Since the laws of thermodynamics require that the change in properties such as energy and entropy cannot depend on the path followed in going from an initial to a final state—otherwise one could build a perpetual motion machine—the net change in thermodynamic properties in a chemical reaction can be calculated by addition and subtraction of the standard state values for the substances taking part in the reaction. This allows a simple prediction of whether the reaction will occur at all and, if it does, whether it will go to completion. In intermediate situations, one can obtain a quantitative measure of the extent of reaction from the equilibrium constant, which is easily calculated from the tabulated standard state values. Finally, most chemical changes involve either an absorption or release of heat, and the amount of this heat may be calculated from the same data. Thus Selected Values provided an extremely powerful tool for predicting the course of chemical reactions, a goal of chemists since the earliest days of the science. The book itself was 822 pages in length and covered about 5000 chemical species. It was divided into two parts, the first dealing with the thermodynamic properties in a particular physical state and the second with the change in properties in transitions between states (such as melting and vaporization). All data were internally consistent, in the sense that all physical and thermodynamic relations existing between different properties for the same substance, or the same property for different substances, were satisfied by the tabulated values. The table layout in Circular 500 became the norm for thermodynamic tabulations throughout the world. Fig. 1. Frederick D. Rossini.
1,460 citations