Q2. Why did the authors drop China from the analysis?
Note that the authors dropped China from the analysis because its energy consumption data was combined with Taiwan for a long period of time and the remaining data was not long enough.
Q3. What is the advantage of the VEC?
In addition to the extra way for causality to emerge, the VEC offers another advantage that the lost information due to differencing is brought back into the system through the error correction term.
Q4. What is the time period used for the analysis?
For all countries, the time Ž .period used is 1950 1992, except for: Argentina 1950 1990 ; Indonesia Ž . Ž . Ž .1960 1992 ; Korea 1953 1991 ; and Poland 1965 1994 .
Q5. What is the causality of energy consumption and income?
Kraft and Kraft 1978 , in their pioneering study, found unidirectional causality running from GNP to energy consumption for the United Ž .States.
Q6. What is the effect of the VDCs on the economic growth of Turkey, France, Germany?
The proportions explained by LEC increase to 90 91% in France and Japan, thus, indicating causality running from energy consumption to income for Turkey, France, Germany and Japan.