Energy efficiency analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus with different energy management strategies and battery sizes
TL;DR: In this paper, a tank-to-wheel (TTW) analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus operated in Gothenburg, Sweden, is presented, where the bus line and the powertrain model are described.
About: This article is published in Applied Energy.The article was published on 2013-11-01. It has received 302 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hybrid electric bus & Energy management.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive analysis of EMS evolution toward blended mode (BM) and optimal control is presented, providing a thorough survey of the latest progress in optimization-based algorithms and highlights certain contributions that intelligent transportation systems, traffic information, and cloud computing can provide to enhance PHEV energy management.
Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer an immediate solution for emissions reduction and fuel displacement within the current infrastructure. Targeting PHEV powertrain optimization, a plethora of energy management strategies (EMSs) have been proposed. Although these algorithms present various levels of complexity and accuracy, they find a limitation in terms of availability of future trip information, which generally prevents exploitation of the full PHEV potential in real-life cycles. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of EMS evolution toward blended mode (BM) and optimal control, providing a thorough survey of the latest progress in optimization-based algorithms. This is performed in the context of connected vehicles and highlights certain contributions that intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), traffic information, and cloud computing can provide to enhance PHEV energy management. The study is culminated with an analysis of future trends in terms of optimization algorithm development, optimization criteria, PHEV integration in the smart grid, and vehicles as part of the fleet.
559 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency analysis of a ser..."
...convex optimization to study fuel-to-traction and recuperation energy efficiencies in a series plug-in hybrid electric bus [94]....
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TL;DR: A novel method for real-time RUL estimation of Li ion batteries is proposed that integrates classification and regression attributes of Support Vector (SV) based machine learning technique.
357 citations
Abstract: The hazardous effects of pollutants from conventional fuel vehicles have caused the scientific world to move towards environmentally friendly energy sources. Though we have various renewable energy sources, the perfect one to use as an energy source for vehicles is hydrogen. Like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier that has the ability to deliver incredible amounts of energy. Onboard hydrogen storage in vehicles is an important factor that should be considered when designing fuel cell vehicles. In this study, a recent development in hydrogen fuel cell engines is reviewed to scrutinize the feasibility of using hydrogen as a major fuel in transportation systems. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that can produce electricity by allowing chemical gases and oxidants as reactants. With anodes and electrolytes, the fuel cell splits the cation and the anion in the reactant to produce electricity. Fuel cells use reactants, which are not harmful to the environment and produce water as a product of the chemical reaction. As hydrogen is one of the most efficient energy carriers, the fuel cell can produce direct current (DC) power to run the electric car. By integrating a hydrogen fuel cell with batteries and the control system with strategies, one can produce a sustainable hybrid car.
275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, convex programming is extended to rapidly and efficiently optimize both the power management strategy and sizes of the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery pack in the hybrid bus.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the simultaneous optimal component sizing and power management of a fuel cell/battery hybrid bus. Existing studies solve the combined plant/controller optimization problem for fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) by using methods with disadvantages of heavy computational burden and/or suboptimality, for which only a single driving profile was often considered. This paper adds three important contributions to the FCHVs-related literature. First, convex programming is extended to rapidly and efficiently optimize both the power management strategy and sizes of the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery pack in the hybrid bus. The main purpose is to encourage more researchers and engineers in FCHVs field to utilize the new effective tool. Second, the influence of the driving pattern on the optimization result (both the component sizes and hydrogen economy) of the bus is systematically investigated by considering three different bus driving routes, including two standard testing cycles and a realistic bus line cycle with slope information in Gothenburg, Sweden. Finally, the sensitivity of the optimization outcome to the potential price decreases of the FCS and the battery is quantitatively examined.
261 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency analysis of a ser..."
...As in [37], for simplicity, ηdc and Pa are assumed to be constant....
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TL;DR: Various powertrain systems and topologies of (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles and full-electric vehicles are assessed and EMSs as applied in the literature are systematically surveyed for a qualitative investigation, classification, and comparison through a comprehensive review.
Abstract: Hybrid and electric vehicles have been demonstrated as auspicious solutions for ensuring improvements in fuel saving and emission reductions. From the system design perspective, there are numerous indicators affecting the performance of such vehicles, in which the powertrain type, component configuration, and energy management strategy (EMS) play a key role. Achieving an energy-efficient powertrain requires tackling several conflicting control objectives such as the drivability, fuel economy, reduced emissions, and battery state of charge preservation, which make the EMS the most crucial aspect of powertrain system design. Accordingly, in the present study, various powertrain systems and topologies of (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles and full-electric vehicles are assessed. In addition, EMSs as applied in the literature are systematically surveyed for a qualitative investigation, classification, and comparison of existing approaches in terms of the principles, advantages, and drawbacks through a comprehensive review. Furthermore, potential challenges considering the gaps in research are addressed, and directives paving the way toward further development of powertrains and EMSs in all respects are thoroughly provided.
261 citations
References
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Book•
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TL;DR: In this article, the focus is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them, and a comprehensive introduction to the subject is given. But the focus of this book is not on the optimization problem itself, but on the problem of finding the appropriate technique to solve it.
Abstract: Convex optimization problems arise frequently in many different fields. A comprehensive introduction to the subject, this book shows in detail how such problems can be solved numerically with great efficiency. The focus is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them. The text contains many worked examples and homework exercises and will appeal to students, researchers and practitioners in fields such as engineering, computer science, mathematics, statistics, finance, and economics.
33,341 citations
Book•
26 Feb 2018TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented.
Abstract: "This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles.
The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems.”
—James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
“The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry.”
—Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA
“The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals.”
—Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom
The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included
• Chapters updated throughout the text.
• New homework problems, solutions, and examples.
• Includes two new chapters.
• Features accompanying MATLABTM software.
1,995 citations
Book•
21 Sep 2009TL;DR: This document discusses the design and control principles of the Hybrid Electric Drive Trains, and the designs of the Drive Train Engine/Generator Power Design and Energy Design of Energy Storage Appendices Index.
Abstract: Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation Air Pollution Global Warming Petroleum Resources Induced Costs Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply History of EVs History of HEVs History of Fuel Cell Vehicles Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Brake General Description of Vehicle Movement Vehicle Resistance Dynamic Equation Tire-Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed Vehicle Power Plant and Transmission Characteristics Vehicle Performance Operating Fuel Economy Brake Performance Internal Combustion Engines 4S, Spark-Ignited IC Engines 4S, Compression-Ignition IC Engines 2S Engines Wankel Rotary Engines Stirling Engines Gas Turbine Engines Quasi-Isothermal Brayton Cycle Engines Electric Vehicles Configurations of EVs Performance of EVs Tractive Effort in Normal Driving Energy Consumption Hybrid Electric Vehicles Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains Electric Propulsion Systems DC Motor Drives Induction Motor Drives Permanent Magnetic BLDC Motor Drives SRM Drives Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Electric Drive Train Operation Patterns Control Strategies Design Principles of a Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Drive Train Design Example Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design Drive Train Configuration and Design Objectives Control Strategies Parametric Design of a Drive Train Simulations Design and Control Methodology of Series-Parallel (Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drive Train Drive Train Configuration Drive Train Control Methodology Drive Train Parameters Design Simulation of an Example Vehicle Design and Control Principles of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Statistics of Daily Driving Distance Energy Management Strategy Energy Storage Design Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train Series-Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storages Electrochemical Batteries Ultracapacitors Ultra-High-Speed Flywheels Hybridization of Energy Storages Fundamentals of Regenerative Breaking Braking Energy Consumed in Urban Driving Braking Energy versus Vehicle Speed Braking Energy versus Braking Power Braking Power versus Vehicle Speed Braking Energy versus Vehicle Deceleration Rate Braking Energy on Front and Rear Axles Brake System of EV, HEV, and FCV Fuel Cells Operating Principles of Fuel Cells Electrode Potential and Current-Voltage Curve Fuel and Oxidant Consumption Fuel Cell System Characteristics Fuel Cell Technologies Fuel Supply Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design Configuration Control Strategy Parametric Design Design Example Design of Series Hybrid Drive Train for Off-Road Vehicles Motion Resistance Tracked Series Hybrid Vehicle Drive Train Architecture Parametric Design of the Drive Train Engine/Generator Power Design Power and Energy Design of Energy Storage Appendices Index
1,221 citations
"Energy efficiency analysis of a ser..." refers background in this paper
...As key ingredients, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are being actively developed by automotive companies worldwide to pursue higher fuel economy than conventional internal-combustion-engine (ICE) vehicles without inducing range anxiety [4–8]....
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Book•
30 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present IC-engine-based and fuel-cell-based propulsion systems for vehicle energy and fuel consumption, as well as a case study of case studies and optimal control theory.
Abstract: Introduction.- Vehicle Energy and Fuel Consumption - Basic Concepts.- IC-Engine-Based Propulsion Systems.- Models of Fuel-Cell Propulsion Systems.- Supervisory Control Algorithms.- Appendix I - Case Studies.- Appendix II - Optimal Control Theory.
941 citations
TL;DR: Life cycle GHG emissions from PHEVs are assessed and it is found that they reduceGHG emissions by 32% compared to conventional vehicles, but have small reductions compared to traditional hybrids.
Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which use electricity from the grid to power a portion of travel, could play a role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. However, meaningful GHG emissions reductions with PHEVs are conditional on low-carbon electricity sources. We assess life cycle GHG emissions from PHEVs and find that they reduce GHG emissions by 32% compared to conventional vehicles, but have small reductions compared to traditional hybrids. Batteries are an important component of PHEVs, and GHGs associated with lithium-ion battery materials and production account for 2–5% of life cycle emissions from PHEVs. We consider cellulosic ethanol use and various carbon intensities of electricity. The reduced liquid fuel requirements of PHEVs could leverage limited cellulosic ethanol resources. Electricity generation infrastructure is long-lived, and technology decisions within the next decade about electricity supplies in the power sector will affect the potential for l...
650 citations
"Energy efficiency analysis of a ser..." refers background in this paper
...Owing to vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) potentially can take advantage of renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and thus are an important solution to reducing carbon dioxide emission in the transportation sector [9,10]....
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