Energy efficiency and consumption — the rebound effect — a survey
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of some of the relevant literature from the US offers definitions and identifies sources including direct, secondary, and economy-wide sources and concludes that the range of estimates for the size of the rebound effect is very low to moderate.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 1867 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rebound effect (conservation) & Energy consumption.
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TL;DR: In this article, the Cash for Clunkers program was evaluated in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions and their costs in two different vehicle usage scenarios and it was shown that the nationwide effects of the program on carbon dioxide emissions are modest, at best.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three economic growth patterns (green growth, brown growth, and black growth) are defined according to the relationship between economic scale and carbon emissions, and then trace the historical trajectory of economic growth over the last 40 years.
Abstract: Achieving dual goals of economic growth and carbon emission reduction is a major issue in China. In this paper we define three economic growth patterns (green growth, brown growth and black growth) according to the relationship between economic scale and carbon emissions, and then trace the historical trajectory of economic growth over the last 40 years. Granger causality is used to test China's economic growth and carbon emission linkage. We argue that green growth means that the rate of carbon emission reduction is faster than the increase in GDP. When carbon intensity reduction is slower than GDP growth, brown growth occurs. Black growth occurs when both carbon intensity and economic scale increase. For China, we denote the four periods of black growth (1971–1977), brown growth (1978–2001), black growth (2002–2004), and brown growth (2004–2010). Granger causality tests indicate that mutual causality between carbon emissions and economic growth exists in the short term, but not the long term. ...
12 citations
08 Dec 2009
TL;DR: A disszertacio celja a szen-dioxid kibocsataskereskereskedelmi rendszer probaidőszaka Magyarorszagon as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A disszertacio celja a szen-dioxid kibocsatas csokkenteset celzo Europai Unios rendszer 2005. es 2007. kozotti probaidőszakanak bemutatasa, valamint a magyarorszagi műkodes elemzese. Az elterjedt kulfoldi velekedes szerint az Europai Unio uj tagallamai a szocialista mult es a gazdasagi atmenet nehezsegei miatt lelassitjak es rontjak az EU kornyezetpolitikajat. Ezert erdekes megvizsgalni, hogy a piaci alapu kornyezetvedelmi eszkoz, az EU kibocsatas-kereskedelmi rendszere (EU ETS) hogyan műkodott a probaidőszakban Magyarorszagon. Vajon tenyleg nem lehetett sikeres miatt, hogy az orszag nem rendelkezett az ahhoz szukseges piacgazdasagi tapasztalatokkal, ismeretekkel es intezmenyrendszerrel? A doktori ertekezes: • igazolja, hogy egy piaci alapu kornyezetszabalyozasi eszkoz olyan orszagban is műkodik, amely nem rendelkezett korabban az ahhoz szukseges intezmenyrendszerrel es piaci tapasztalatokkal. • attekinti, milyen hatassal volt az Europai Unio szen-dioxid kibocsataskereskedelmi rendszer probaidőszaka Magyarorszagon a rendszerbe bevont, un. kotelezett vallalatokra. • szamszerűsiti, hogy a magyarorszagi kotelezett vallalatok mennyiben kapcsolodtak be az Europai Unio szen-dioxid kibocsataskereskedelmi piacaba. A disszertacio ket szerkezeti egysegből all: előszor a tema elmeleti hattere kerul bemutatasra, majd a magyarorszagi kutatas eredmenyei, mely a magyarorszagi kibocsataskereskedelmi gyakorlatot veszi gorcső ala. Modszertanilag nem koveti jelen ertekezes a korabbi sztochasztikus, szimulacios, modellező munkakat. A magyarorszagi resztvevők szama - mintegy ketszazotven letesitmeny - nem elegendő reprezentativ statisztikai elemzesek elvegzesehez. Ezert a szen-dioxid piac magyarorszagi szereplőkre gyakorolt hatasait kvalitativ elemzes tarta fel. A probaidőszaki kiosztas legjelentősebb szektorainak kepviselőivel keszult szemelyes interju, mely alapjan esettanulmanyok bemutatasaval elemzi a dolgozat az EU ETS probaidőszakanak hatasait a magyarorszagi szereplőkre. A magyarorszagi cegek adminisztrativ tehernek tekintettek az EU kibocsataskereskedelmi rendszerenek probaidőszakat. A probaidőszak innovacio-osztonző hatasa marginalis volt a magyarorszagi bőseges ingyenes kiosztas es az alacsony piaci ar miatt. Az EU ETS hatasa a magyar vallalatokra osszessegeben nem volt jelentős a probaidőszakban, az operativ műkodesre gyakorolt hatas altalaban kimerult a tuzelőanyag-valtasban. A megkerdezettek kozul egyetlen vallalat vezette be a szen-dioxid kibocsatas koltseget operativ es befektetesi donteshozatalaba. A haszonaldozati koltsegekkel - a kozgazdasagi elmelettel osszhangban - az ingyenes kiosztas eseten is szamolni kell, az interjuk tanulsaga szerint azonban a magyarorszagi cegek tobbsege nem ismerte ezt fel, inkabb koltseg-minimalizalo strategiat folytattak az EU ETS szempontjabol, nem profit-maximalizalasra torekedtek. A magyarorszagi kibocsatasi egysegek probaidőszaki forgalmat kvantitativ elemzes tarta fel. Ket adatbazis tartalmazza a magyarorszagi kibocsatasi egysegek kereskedelmenek adatait. Az EU kozponti forgalmi jegyzeke (CITL) es a magyar nemzeti forgalmi jegyzek (regiszter). Az ertekezes az elsők kozott ertelmezi a ket adatbazis kulonbsegeit es mutat ra, hogy a CITL visszaadasi adatai nem tukrozik a valos kibocsatasi egyseg tranzakciokat. Megallapithato, hogy celravezető a kozponti forgalmi jegyzek es a nemzeti regiszter adatainak parhuzamos hasznalata, mert egymast kiegeszitő informaciokat tartalmaznak. A CITL adatok ugyan nem adnak pontos kepet a nemzetkozi aramlasokrol, viszont valoszinűsitik, hogy mely orszagok vallalataival voltak tranzakcioi adott tagallam letesitmenyeinek. A nemzeti regiszter adatai alapjan pedig kiderulnek a valos nemzeti transzferek mennyisegei, időzitese es erteke. A magyar forgalmi jegyzek adatai alapjan a harom ev alatt tobb mint masfel millio kibocsatasi egyseg kerult magyarorszagi letesitmenyek szamlaira a kulfoldon kiosztott kibocsatasi egysegekből. Meglepő eredmeny ez, hiszen majdnem minden magyarorszagi szektor es letesitmeny felesleggel rendelkezett a probaidőszakban. Az import adatok felrevezetőnek tűntek, ezert a kutatas kiterjedt a kulfoldon kiosztott, de Magyarorszagon visszaadott, kibocsatasi egysegek azonositasara, cegcsoporthoz rendelesere is – erre az EU kozossegi forgalmi jegyzeke adott lehetőseget. A ket adatbazis adatait otvoző kutatasi modszertant igazolja, hogy feltarta az aggregalt magyar forgalmi adatok es a valos kereskedes kozti kulonbseget. A magyarorszagi letesitmenyek jelentős import-tevekenysege csak latszolagos volt a probaidőszakban. A multinacionalis vallalatok kozpontjainak gazdalkodasa es a magyar leanyvallalatok belső transzferei tettek ki a Magyarorszagra aramlo kulfoldi kibocsatasi egysegek negy-otodet. A rendelkezesre allo adatok azonban nem elegsegesek annak szamszerűsitesehez, hogy a kulfoldon visszaadott egysegekből mennyi volt a magyarorszagi cegek valos ertekesitese, s mennyi tudhato be a multinacionalis cegeken beluli transzfereknek. A kereskedesi adatokat majd csak ot ev multan teszik kozze. Erdeklődesre tarthat majd szamot a nemzetkozi vallalatok belső transzfereinek elkulonitese a valos nemzetkozi forgalomtol. Magyarorszag tobb esetben is eloljaronak bizonyult a tagallamok kozott. Elsőkent epitettuk ki a regioban a zold beruhazasi rendszert, mely biztositja, hogy a felesleges kibocsatasi egysegek ne rontsak a kibocsatas-csokkentesi celkitűzesek eleresenek kornyezeti hatasossagat. Elsőkent ertekesitett a magyar allam mas tagallamnak kibocsatasi egysegeket - magas aron. A magyar kormany kibocsatasi egyseg arvereseket bonyolitott le, melyek ket es fel milliard forinttal noveltek a magyar allamhaztartas beveteleit. A teriteses kiosztas lehetősegevel a probaidőszakban mindossze negy tagallam elt, ket regi es ket uj. A magyar allamnak tehat ketsegtelenul rendelkezesere allt mind az ehhez szukseges intezmenyi hatter, mind a szakertelem.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , changes in greenhouse gas emissions of 19 OECD countries from 2012 to 2016 are decomposed into scale, composition, and technique effects based on the index decomposition analysis approach.
Abstract: Greenhouse gas, as the main pollutant of industrial production, has experienced a recent decline in OECD countries despite a substantial increase in manufacturing output. Based on the index decomposition analysis approach, changes in greenhouse gas emissions of 19 OECD countries from 2012 to 2016 are decomposed into scale, composition, and technique effects. Cross-country differences in emissions and the main sources are compared and discussed based on the data of 19 sub-industries of manufacturing. The empirical results are as follows: (1) In OECD as a whole, the total greenhouse gas emission reduction is primarily driven by composition effect rather than technique effect, while country-specific sources of emission changes are not the same. (2) The greenhouse gas emission reductions in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Italy, Slovak Republic, and Spain own to composition effects, which is generated by the increasing share of clean sectors. (3) The greenhouse gas mitigation in Denmark, Latvia, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom benefits from the technique effect, which is brought about by the technological progress in emission intensities. These findings provide significant implications for differentiated emission reduction measures for different countries.
12 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Deaton and Muellbauer as mentioned in this paper introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour and used it in applied econometrics, including consumer index numbers, household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons.
Abstract: This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. In the first of these the authors discuss restrictions on choice and aggregation problems. The next part consists of chapters on consumer index numbers; household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons; and social welfare and inequality. The last part extends the coverage of consumer behaviour to include the quality of goods and household production theory, labour supply and human capital theory, the consumption function and intertemporal choice, the demand for durable goods, and choice under uncertainty.
3,952 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for the energy is an input, derived from demand for a firm's output, which is an output.
Abstract: Industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for energy is an input is derived from demand for the firm's output. Inputs other than energy typically also enter the firm's production process. Since firms tend to choose that bundle of inputs which minimized the total cost of producing a giving level of output, the derived demand for inputs, including energy, depends on the level of output, the submitions possibilies among inputs allow by production technology, and the relative prices of all inputs.
1,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables is presented, where the tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized.
Abstract: This article presents a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. The tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized. Using data on both the purchase and utilization of room air conditioners, the model is applied to a sample of households. The utilization equation indicates a relatively low price elasticity. The purchase equation, based on a discrete choice model, demonstrates that individuals do trade off capital costs and expected operating costs. The results also show that individuals use a discount rate of about 20 percent in making the tradeoff decision and that the discount rate varies inversely with income.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective.
Abstract: Regulations which mandate appliance efficiency standards may be based on calculations which exaggerate the potential energy savings. Improved efficiency can, in fact, increase demand enough to be counterproductive unless the standards are applied selectively. As appliances improve, they are used more, new stock is demanded, and the demand for and use of related equipment increases. The policy implications of these empirical studies are that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective. 11 references, 5 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)
802 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on the powerful new techniques of qualitative choice analysis and standard regression techniques, which are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast.
Abstract: This book addresses two significant research areas in an interdependent fashion. It is first of all a comprehensive but concise text that covers the recently developed and widely applicable methods of qualitative choice analysis, illustrating the general theory through simulation models of automobile demand and use. It is also a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on these powerful new techniques. The book develops the general principles that underlie qualitative choice models that are now being applied in numerous fields in addition to transportation, such as housing, labor, energy, communications, and criminology. The general form, derivation, and estimation of qualitative choice models are explained, and the major models - logit, probit, and GEV - are discussed in detail. And continuous/discrete models are introduced. In these, qualitative choice methods and standard regression techniques are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast. Summarizing previous research on auto demand, the book shows how qualitative choice methods can be used by applying them to specific auto-related decisions as the aggregate of individuals' choices. The simulation model that is constructed is a significant improvement over older models, and should prove more useful to agencies and organizations requiring accurate forecasting of auto demand and use for planning and policy development. The book concludes with an actual case study based on a model designed for the investigations of the California Energy Commission.
726 citations