Energy efficiency and consumption — the rebound effect — a survey
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of some of the relevant literature from the US offers definitions and identifies sources including direct, secondary, and economy-wide sources and concludes that the range of estimates for the size of the rebound effect is very low to moderate.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 1867 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rebound effect (conservation) & Energy consumption.
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: A case study of the Porirua city Northern Growth Area Structure Plan 2014: the urban context and the planning process can be found in this paper, where the role of urban form and transport integration is discussed.
Abstract: ................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 Defining urban sustainability ............................................................................................... 9 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: The problem of urban transport .......................................................................... 16 Climate change................................................................................................................... 16 New Zealand’s emissions ............................................................................................... 16 Transport related CO2 emissions and its impact on climate change ............................ 18 Chapter 3: Achieving urban sustainability: the role of urban form and transport integration ............................................................................................................................................... 19 The relationship between urban form and transport ........................................................ 19 Sustainable transport and its value for achieving urban sustainability ............................. 20 An overview of approaches to addressing the impacts of urban transport systems ........ 20 Demand management: A more holistic approach to unsustainable transport ............. 23 Overcoming car demand and dependence: the role of urban form and alternative transport policies ............................................................................................................... 25 Defining a sustainable urban form ..................................................................................... 26 Introducing the 5Ds ........................................................................................................ 28 Critical elements of a sustainable transport system .......................................................... 39 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter 4: The evolving approach to spatial planning in New Zealand ................................ 41 Chapter 5: A case study of the Porirua city Northern Growth Area Structure Plan 2014: the urban context and the planning process ............................................................................... 43 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 43 Porirua: the urban context ................................................................................................. 43 Historic urban development patterns in Porirua ........................................................... 43 Existing urban form in the study area: opportunities for and constraints on implementing sustainable urban form elements .......................................................... 46 Transport opportunities ................................................................................................. 53 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 58 The Northern Growth Area Strategic Planning process: a description .............................. 59 The planning context ..................................................................................................... 59 Overview of the planning process ................................................................................. 61
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present and demonstrate the use of a framework for modeling the ways that policies and consumer demand influence optimal product design and, in particular, product quality and environmental sustainability.
Abstract: Product markets can be modeled as complex systems that account for a diverse set of stakeholders and interactions. Decisions by all of the stakeholders in these systems can affect the design of new products, not only from design teams but also from consumers, producers, and policymakers. Studies of market systems have shown how producers can make profit-optimal decisions on product design and pricing, and how those decisions influence a number of different factors including the quality, environmental impact, production costs, and ultimately consumer demand for the product. This study presents and demonstrates the use of a framework for modeling the ways that policies and consumer demand influence optimal product design and, in particular, product quality and environmental sustainability. Employing this model for the tolerance and material design decisions for a mobile phone case shows how different environmental impact scales, taxation levels, and information available to consumers will influence producer profits and overall environmental impacts. This demonstrates how different policies can be evaluated for their impacts on economic success for producers and reduced environmental impacts for society, and a "win-win" scenario is found for the mobile phone case.
4 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, aktuelle Preis-and Einkommenselastizitaten fur Energie and andere Produktionsfaktoren bzw. Konsumgutergruppen in der Schweiz geschatzt.
Abstract: In diesem Forschungsprojekt werden aktuelle Preis- und Einkommenselastizitaten fur Energie und andere Produktionsfaktoren bzw. Konsumgutergruppen in der Schweiz geschatzt. Im Weiteren wird der Rebound-Effekt fur den privaten Transport untersucht. Im ersten Teil werden auf Grundlage eines Schweizer Unternehmensdatensatzes Substitutionselastizitaten zwischen den Produktionsfaktoren Energie, Kapital, Arbeit und Material fur Unternehmen mit tiefer, mittlerer und hoher Energieintensitat berechnet. Unsere Resultate zeigen auf, dass energieextensive Unternehmen Energie nach einer Preiserhohung durch alle anderen Produktionsfaktoren substituieren konnen. Jedoch zeigen unsere Schatzungen auf, dass bei energieintensiven Unternehmen die Produktionsfaktoren Energie und Kapital Komplemente und nicht Substitute darstellen. Dies ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass energieintensive Unternehmen grossere Anpassungsschwierigkeiten haben als energieextensive Unternehmen bei steigenden Energiepreisen. Im zweiten Kapitel werden Einkommens- und Kreuzpreiselastizitaten zwischen einzelnen Konsumgutergruppen von Schweizer Haushalten geschatzt. Die Eigenpreiselastizitaten zeigen beispielsweise auf, dass Transportleistungen unelastisch sind, der Energiekonsum hingegen einheitselastisch. Weiter decken wir verschiedene Muster der Substituierbarkeit zwischen den verschiedenen Konsumgutern auf. Die Einkommenselastizitaten weisen schliesslich Energie als Bedarfsgut aus, Transport hingegen besitzt eine Einkommenselastizitat nahe eins. Die zudem berechneten Engel-Kurven sind fur den Energiekonsum strikt fallend, hingegen sind sie fur den privaten Transport S-formig. Im dritten Teil werden Rebound-Effekte fur den privaten Transport in der Schweiz berechnet. Dabei werden zwei Methoden verwendet, wobei die erste eher einen kurzfristigen und die zweite eher einen langfristigen Rebound-Effekt schatzt. Der Rebound-Effekt fur den privaten Verkehr in der Schweiz, basierend auf der ersten Methode, liegt bei rund 20%. Die zweite Methode lieferte einen ungleich grosseren Effekt von rund 60%. Die Schatzung des Rebound-Effekts fur verschiedene Haushaltsgruppen deckt grosse Unterschiede zwischen diesen Gruppen auf: Die Resultate zeigen beispielsweise, dass der Rebound-Effekt bei armeren und alteren Haushalten grosser ausfallt. Weiter ist der Rebound-Effekt kleiner, wenn der Freizeitverkehr betroffen ist und nicht die Fahrt zur Arbeit.
4 citations
01 Jan 2012
4 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency and consumption —..."
...Various articles (Sorell 2009; Polimeni and Polimeni 2006; Khazzoom 1980; Haas et al. 1998; Greening et al. 2000) have examined the well-known paradox presented by William Stanley Jevons in 1865 and many authors ever since, that energy-efficiency improvements at micro level will eventual lead in to…...
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...Greening et al. 2000 suggest thus that the rebound effect in this use may be significant.8 Several authors have found evidence for the rebound effect in household space heating (Dubin et al. 1986; Klein 1985; Klein 1987; Hsueh and Grener 1993; Schwartz and Taylor 1995; Haas and Biermayr 2000), but…...
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...What is more, short run estimates as these cannot be applied for long-run capital cost change estimation (Greening et al. 2000)....
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...According to Greening et al. for a 100 % increase in fuel efficiency, the levels of take-back from either price effects or substitution and income effects together lie between 10 and 30 % of the total savings in household energy consumption (Greening et al 2000, 394)....
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...Various articles (Sorell 2009; Polimeni and Polimeni 2006; Khazzoom 1980; Haas et al. 1998; Greening et al. 2000) have examined the well-known paradox presented by William Stanley Jevons in 1865 and many authors ever since, that energy-efficiency improvements at micro level will eventual lead in to increased energy consumption at macro level....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze each step of the process of environmental innovation from a systemic approach and demonstrate that the beacon of hope for technical change is highly compromised and cannot be considered as a deus ex machina.
Abstract: Mainstream economics and international institutions assert that environmental innovations and market-based drivers provide solutions to prevent climate change and cope with the challenges of COP21. Our paper questions this postulate by analyzing each step of the process of environmental innovation from a systemic approach. We focus especially on eco-design, environmental innovation and its dissemination in the sociotechnical landscape. By analyzing seminal literature, we demonstrate that the beacon of hope for technical change is highly compromised and cannot be considered as a deus ex machina. We show that economic boundaries are taking over the biosphere with market-based governance, and this is unable to prevent climate change. It creates incremental effects and even contributes to rebound effects at a macrosystemic level. Everything also depends on complex institutional drivers based on collective dilemmas such as local versus global scaling and short-term versus long-term scaling. Moreover, the disconnection between eco-design and environmental innovation theory demonstrates that the pluridisciplinarity between social and technical science is necessary to manage the climate change challenge. Finally, preventing or adapting to climate change is therefore not only a technical challenge, but also the milestone for a sustainable transition based on the human activity sphere, including institutions and political issues.JEL Codes: O33, O44, L60
4 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Deaton and Muellbauer as mentioned in this paper introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour and used it in applied econometrics, including consumer index numbers, household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons.
Abstract: This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. In the first of these the authors discuss restrictions on choice and aggregation problems. The next part consists of chapters on consumer index numbers; household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons; and social welfare and inequality. The last part extends the coverage of consumer behaviour to include the quality of goods and household production theory, labour supply and human capital theory, the consumption function and intertemporal choice, the demand for durable goods, and choice under uncertainty.
3,952 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for the energy is an input, derived from demand for a firm's output, which is an output.
Abstract: Industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for energy is an input is derived from demand for the firm's output. Inputs other than energy typically also enter the firm's production process. Since firms tend to choose that bundle of inputs which minimized the total cost of producing a giving level of output, the derived demand for inputs, including energy, depends on the level of output, the submitions possibilies among inputs allow by production technology, and the relative prices of all inputs.
1,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables is presented, where the tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized.
Abstract: This article presents a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. The tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized. Using data on both the purchase and utilization of room air conditioners, the model is applied to a sample of households. The utilization equation indicates a relatively low price elasticity. The purchase equation, based on a discrete choice model, demonstrates that individuals do trade off capital costs and expected operating costs. The results also show that individuals use a discount rate of about 20 percent in making the tradeoff decision and that the discount rate varies inversely with income.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective.
Abstract: Regulations which mandate appliance efficiency standards may be based on calculations which exaggerate the potential energy savings. Improved efficiency can, in fact, increase demand enough to be counterproductive unless the standards are applied selectively. As appliances improve, they are used more, new stock is demanded, and the demand for and use of related equipment increases. The policy implications of these empirical studies are that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective. 11 references, 5 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)
802 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on the powerful new techniques of qualitative choice analysis and standard regression techniques, which are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast.
Abstract: This book addresses two significant research areas in an interdependent fashion. It is first of all a comprehensive but concise text that covers the recently developed and widely applicable methods of qualitative choice analysis, illustrating the general theory through simulation models of automobile demand and use. It is also a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on these powerful new techniques. The book develops the general principles that underlie qualitative choice models that are now being applied in numerous fields in addition to transportation, such as housing, labor, energy, communications, and criminology. The general form, derivation, and estimation of qualitative choice models are explained, and the major models - logit, probit, and GEV - are discussed in detail. And continuous/discrete models are introduced. In these, qualitative choice methods and standard regression techniques are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast. Summarizing previous research on auto demand, the book shows how qualitative choice methods can be used by applying them to specific auto-related decisions as the aggregate of individuals' choices. The simulation model that is constructed is a significant improvement over older models, and should prove more useful to agencies and organizations requiring accurate forecasting of auto demand and use for planning and policy development. The book concludes with an actual case study based on a model designed for the investigations of the California Energy Commission.
726 citations