Energy efficiency and consumption — the rebound effect — a survey
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of some of the relevant literature from the US offers definitions and identifies sources including direct, secondary, and economy-wide sources and concludes that the range of estimates for the size of the rebound effect is very low to moderate.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 1867 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rebound effect (conservation) & Energy consumption.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the issues associated with reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the North American trucking industry are examined and some policies that have been either implemented or are being considered to reduce trucking GHG emissions are presented.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine some the issues associated with reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the North American trucking industry We review some basic descriptive statistics to apprehend the basic conditions in the three countries of North America and describe the North American trucking industry and the changes in its GHG performance We also present some of the policies that have been either implemented or are being considered to reduce trucking GHG emissions We then discuss some of the issues involved in choosing instruments to reduce trucking emissions Specifically, we discuss the following instruments: incentives and standard to improve truck fuel efficiency, a tax on CO2, and tradable permits systems
3 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency and consumption —..."
...This type of rebound effect is well documented for private vehicles (see, for example, Greening et al. 2000; Small and Van Dender 2007), but its importance is much less well known for commercial transportation activities.Moreresearchiscertainlyneededonthistopic asitmayhaveimplicationsonthechoiceofinstruments....
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Posted Content•
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In Osterreich as mentioned in this paper, the 20-20-2020-Ziele der EU sind ein integrierter Politikansatz with dem Ziel, den Klimawandel zu bekampfen und die Versorgungssicherheit in der EU sowie die Wettbewerbsfahigkeit zu erhohen.
Abstract: Die 20-20-20-Ziele der EU sind ein integrierter Politikansatz mit dem Ziel, den Klimawandel zu bekampfen und die Versorgungssicherheit in der EU sowie die Wettbewerbsfahigkeit zu erhohen. Fur Osterreich sehen die entsprechenden nationalen Ziele eine Senkung der Treibhausgasemissionen in den von der Effort-Sharing Decision der EU (und nicht vom Emissionshandelssystem ETS) betroffenen Sektoren um 16% gegenuber 2005 vor, eine Steigerung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energie am Endenergieverbrauch auf 34% sowie eine Stabilisierung des Endenergieverbrauchs auf dem Niveau von 2005. Der vorliegende Beitrag schatzt in drei Szenarien, die unterschiedliche Wege zur Erreichung dieser Ziele in Osterreich abbilden, die Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs in Osterreich bis 2020 und daruber hinaus bis 2030 und liefert so Hinweise auf den Einfluss bestimmter klima- und energiepolitischer Masnahmen. Die Szenarioschatzungen basieren auf dem dynamischen (makro-)okonomischen Input-Output-Modell DEIO. Dieses Modell ist verknupft mit Bottom-up-Modellen zur Schatzung der Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz des Kapitalstockes. Es berucksichtigt preis- und trendabhangige Substitutionsfunktionen zwischen den Energietragern sowie die tatsachliche Energienachfrage von Unternehmen und privaten Haushalten. Dieser Modellrahmen erlaubt die Schatzung der Auswirkungen von Veranderungen der Preise (Verteuerung der CO2-Emissionszertifikate, Anhebung der Mineralolsteuer) und der Energieeffizienz auf den Endenergieverbrauch in Osterreich. Demnach reichen die bestehenden klima- und energiepolitischen Masnahmen nicht aus, um den Endenergieverbrauch wie angestrebt zu stabilisieren.
3 citations
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the policy strategies of four Asian countries with large greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency (EE) strategies: the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, and Japan.
Abstract: In recent years, awareness about climate change and the need for cutting greenhouse gas has spread. Policymakers have hence chosen to promote the use of renewable energy, as well as encouraging improvements in energy efficiency (EE). This study analyzes the policy strategies of four Asian countries with large greenhouse gas emissions and EE strategies: the People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, and Japan. The study first reviewed the type of instruments that can be used to reduce energy intensity, namely incentivizing policies (subsidies, tax reductions, and voluntary agreements) and market-based instruments (white certificates and tendering schemes). Through a review of the literature, the study identified advantages and weaknesses, as well as the effectiveness of said policies in the case studies. Fiscal incentives such as tax cuts and market-based instruments are shown to be efficiently reducing energy intensity. The study also highlighted the role of voluntary agreements and careful planning in successfully improving EE in the People’s Republic of China. On the other hand, direct subsidies represented a heavy burden on the government’s budget, with limited results.
3 citations
01 Jan 2010
3 citations
References
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01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Deaton and Muellbauer as mentioned in this paper introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour and used it in applied econometrics, including consumer index numbers, household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons.
Abstract: This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. In the first of these the authors discuss restrictions on choice and aggregation problems. The next part consists of chapters on consumer index numbers; household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons; and social welfare and inequality. The last part extends the coverage of consumer behaviour to include the quality of goods and household production theory, labour supply and human capital theory, the consumption function and intertemporal choice, the demand for durable goods, and choice under uncertainty.
3,952 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for the energy is an input, derived from demand for a firm's output, which is an output.
Abstract: Industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for energy is an input is derived from demand for the firm's output. Inputs other than energy typically also enter the firm's production process. Since firms tend to choose that bundle of inputs which minimized the total cost of producing a giving level of output, the derived demand for inputs, including energy, depends on the level of output, the submitions possibilies among inputs allow by production technology, and the relative prices of all inputs.
1,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables is presented, where the tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized.
Abstract: This article presents a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. The tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized. Using data on both the purchase and utilization of room air conditioners, the model is applied to a sample of households. The utilization equation indicates a relatively low price elasticity. The purchase equation, based on a discrete choice model, demonstrates that individuals do trade off capital costs and expected operating costs. The results also show that individuals use a discount rate of about 20 percent in making the tradeoff decision and that the discount rate varies inversely with income.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective.
Abstract: Regulations which mandate appliance efficiency standards may be based on calculations which exaggerate the potential energy savings. Improved efficiency can, in fact, increase demand enough to be counterproductive unless the standards are applied selectively. As appliances improve, they are used more, new stock is demanded, and the demand for and use of related equipment increases. The policy implications of these empirical studies are that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective. 11 references, 5 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)
802 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on the powerful new techniques of qualitative choice analysis and standard regression techniques, which are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast.
Abstract: This book addresses two significant research areas in an interdependent fashion. It is first of all a comprehensive but concise text that covers the recently developed and widely applicable methods of qualitative choice analysis, illustrating the general theory through simulation models of automobile demand and use. It is also a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on these powerful new techniques. The book develops the general principles that underlie qualitative choice models that are now being applied in numerous fields in addition to transportation, such as housing, labor, energy, communications, and criminology. The general form, derivation, and estimation of qualitative choice models are explained, and the major models - logit, probit, and GEV - are discussed in detail. And continuous/discrete models are introduced. In these, qualitative choice methods and standard regression techniques are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast. Summarizing previous research on auto demand, the book shows how qualitative choice methods can be used by applying them to specific auto-related decisions as the aggregate of individuals' choices. The simulation model that is constructed is a significant improvement over older models, and should prove more useful to agencies and organizations requiring accurate forecasting of auto demand and use for planning and policy development. The book concludes with an actual case study based on a model designed for the investigations of the California Energy Commission.
726 citations