Energy efficiency and consumption — the rebound effect — a survey
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of some of the relevant literature from the US offers definitions and identifies sources including direct, secondary, and economy-wide sources and concludes that the range of estimates for the size of the rebound effect is very low to moderate.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 1867 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rebound effect (conservation) & Energy consumption.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors take the iron and steel industry as the research object, which is a large energy consumption sector in China, and the improved technique is used to estimate the energy rebound effect.
Abstract: The energy rebound effect may weaken the impact of energy efficiency improvement on energy consumption. Therefore, the rebound effect is an important consideration in energy and environmental policies. This study takes the iron and steel industry as the research object, which is a large energy consumption sector in China, and the improved technique is used to estimate the energy rebound effect. The study constructs the dynamic energy efficiency utilizing provincial data from 2000 to 2019. The energy rebound effect from factor substitution and output expansion is then calculated. The research further discusses regional differences in the energy rebound effect. The results indicate that the technical progress of the iron and steel industry promotes energy efficiency improvements. The eastern region shows the best energy efficiency performance, followed by the central area, and the western region performs the worst in energy efficiency. The industrial energy rebound effect is 0.4297, which partially offsets the energy reduction caused by energy efficiency improvements. Factor substitution and output growth produce the industrial energy rebound effect. Furthermore, the rebound effect exhibits distinct geographical features. The policy suggestions are finally proposed to mitigate the industrial rebound effect and achieve energy and carbon reductions.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the internal influencing mechanism between information and communication technology (ICT) and energy consumption has been investigated from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and the authors compared and analyzed the models, methods, and data in existing studies from the aspects of measurement of ICT's direct energy consumption, empirical research on ICT, and discussions on rebound effects.
Abstract: With the rapid development of digital technologies based on information and communication technology (ICT), some studies suggest that the development of the digital economy is bound to have a significant impact on energy consumption. There are also studies demonstrating from different perspectives that ICT plays an important role in improving energy efficiency. Then, will the rapid development of the digital economy lead to a sharp increase in energy demand (electricity demand), thus affecting China’s socio-economic transition to green and low-carbon development? To this end, it is of great practical significance to explore the relationship between the digital economy and energy consumption from theoretical and practical perspectives. Focusing on the issue of ICT and its impacts on energy consumption, this paper clarifies the internal influencing mechanism between ICT and energy consumption. On this basis, this paper compares and analyzes the models, methods, and data in existing studies from the aspects of measurement of ICT’s direct energy consumption, empirical research on ICT and energy consumption, and discussions on rebound effects. After a brief summary, this paper identifies their shortcomings and explores future research directions.
3 citations
01 Mar 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provided the first empirical investigation of the changes in hour-of-day loads after adopting heat pumps, and quantified the increase in electricity consumption when switching from natural gas furnaces to heat pumps.
Abstract: Heat pumps play an important role in the electrification of the residential sector. The electrification of building energy consumption can have a significant impact on the load management of the electric grid. This study provides the first empirical investigation of the changes in hour-of-day loads after adopting heat pumps. We apply unique hourly electricity data for 13,010 residential consumers in Arizona during 2014–2019. Statistical matching, fixed effects regression, and difference-in-differences approach are applied to analyze electricity consumption. Contrary to the predictions from engineering models which indicate energy savings after heat pump adoption, our main analysis suggests that heat pumps do not necessarily save electricity for cooling and heating in Arizona. Besides, we also quantify the increase in electricity consumption when switching from natural gas furnaces to heat pumps. The increased environmental damages from electricity changes are estimated to be $0.59 per household during the summer and $1.64 during the winter. This also indicates an increase for electric loads by 8.8 (2.7) MW in the winter (summer) if all SRP utility consumers shifted to heat pumps. The findings have implications for the energy performance of heat pumps at households. The results could also help improve the sustainability of the electric sector, which can integrate more clean energy into a smarter grid.
3 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a bottom-up model of space and water heating energy demand for new build dwellings in the Irish residential sector, which is used to assess the impacts of measures proposed in Ireland's National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP).
Abstract: This paper develops a bottom-up model of space and water heating energy demand for new build dwellings in the Irish residential sector. This is used to assess the impacts of measures proposed in Ireland‟s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP). The impact of the housing construction boom, which resulted in 23% of occupied dwellings in 2008 having been built since 2002, and the subsequent bust, are also assessed. The model structure treats separately new dwellings added to the stock after 2007 and pre-existing occupied dwellings. The former is modelled as a set of archetype dwellings with energy end use affected by the relevant set of building regulations that apply during construction. Energy demand of existing dwellings is predicted by a simpler top down method based on historical energy use trends. The baseline scenario suggests residential energy demand will grow by 19% from 37,285 GWh (3,206 ktoe) in 2007 to 44,310 GWh (3,810 ktoe) in 2020. The results indicate that 2008 and 2010 1 building regulations will lead to energy savings of 3,547 GWh (8.0%) in 2020. Had the 2008 building regulations been introduced in 2002, at the start of the boom, there would be additional savings of 2,768 (6.7%) in 2020.
3 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined changes in travel time and related measures during the construction period and after increasing the capacity of a freeway corridor by comparing it with before the construction of the capacity improvement project in an urban area.
Abstract: The focus of this research is on examining changes in travel time and related measures during the construction period and after increasing the capacity of a freeway corridor by comparing it with before the construction of the capacity improvement project in an urban area. Along with the freeway, the arterial streets connecting the freeway were also analyzed to assess changes within the vicinity of the project site. Further, the efficiency of the capacity improvement project in reducing congestion is evaluated by the time-of-the-day and day-of-the-week, during peak and off-peak periods on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday. The findings indicate that travel times increased on the connecting arterial streets due to the migration of traffic from the freeway during the construction period. Also, at times, it appears that the travel time has decreased on the freeway due to the people choosing alternate routes rather than traveling through the construction zone. After the construction, there is a considerable amount of congestion even though the freeway travel time has decreased significantly. This could be due to the induced travel demand resulting in an increase in the travel time. The variations seem to marginally differ by the time-of-the-day and day-of-the-week. It is a general perception that an increase in capacity decreases travel times. However, a slight increase in travel time is observed on most of the links in the considered transportation network. Nonetheless, though there is an increase in buffer time, freeway expansion is very lucrative as a higher number of vehicles pass through a corridor with a marginal increase in travel time.
3 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Deaton and Muellbauer as mentioned in this paper introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour and used it in applied econometrics, including consumer index numbers, household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons.
Abstract: This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. In the first of these the authors discuss restrictions on choice and aggregation problems. The next part consists of chapters on consumer index numbers; household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons; and social welfare and inequality. The last part extends the coverage of consumer behaviour to include the quality of goods and household production theory, labour supply and human capital theory, the consumption function and intertemporal choice, the demand for durable goods, and choice under uncertainty.
3,952 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for the energy is an input, derived from demand for a firm's output, which is an output.
Abstract: Industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for energy is an input is derived from demand for the firm's output. Inputs other than energy typically also enter the firm's production process. Since firms tend to choose that bundle of inputs which minimized the total cost of producing a giving level of output, the derived demand for inputs, including energy, depends on the level of output, the submitions possibilies among inputs allow by production technology, and the relative prices of all inputs.
1,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables is presented, where the tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized.
Abstract: This article presents a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. The tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized. Using data on both the purchase and utilization of room air conditioners, the model is applied to a sample of households. The utilization equation indicates a relatively low price elasticity. The purchase equation, based on a discrete choice model, demonstrates that individuals do trade off capital costs and expected operating costs. The results also show that individuals use a discount rate of about 20 percent in making the tradeoff decision and that the discount rate varies inversely with income.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective.
Abstract: Regulations which mandate appliance efficiency standards may be based on calculations which exaggerate the potential energy savings. Improved efficiency can, in fact, increase demand enough to be counterproductive unless the standards are applied selectively. As appliances improve, they are used more, new stock is demanded, and the demand for and use of related equipment increases. The policy implications of these empirical studies are that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective. 11 references, 5 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)
802 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on the powerful new techniques of qualitative choice analysis and standard regression techniques, which are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast.
Abstract: This book addresses two significant research areas in an interdependent fashion. It is first of all a comprehensive but concise text that covers the recently developed and widely applicable methods of qualitative choice analysis, illustrating the general theory through simulation models of automobile demand and use. It is also a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on these powerful new techniques. The book develops the general principles that underlie qualitative choice models that are now being applied in numerous fields in addition to transportation, such as housing, labor, energy, communications, and criminology. The general form, derivation, and estimation of qualitative choice models are explained, and the major models - logit, probit, and GEV - are discussed in detail. And continuous/discrete models are introduced. In these, qualitative choice methods and standard regression techniques are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast. Summarizing previous research on auto demand, the book shows how qualitative choice methods can be used by applying them to specific auto-related decisions as the aggregate of individuals' choices. The simulation model that is constructed is a significant improvement over older models, and should prove more useful to agencies and organizations requiring accurate forecasting of auto demand and use for planning and policy development. The book concludes with an actual case study based on a model designed for the investigations of the California Energy Commission.
726 citations