Energy efficiency and consumption — the rebound effect — a survey
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of some of the relevant literature from the US offers definitions and identifies sources including direct, secondary, and economy-wide sources and concludes that the range of estimates for the size of the rebound effect is very low to moderate.
About: This article is published in Energy Policy.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 1867 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rebound effect (conservation) & Energy consumption.
Citations
More filters
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, a policy package is proposed that combines market-based and regulatory measures to both pull and push advanced vehicle technologies into market, as well as reduce the carbon intensity of vehicle and fuel use.
Abstract: An integrated set of fiscal and regulatory strategies in the United States is essential to reduce petroleum consumption in transportation and transitions from the current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions growth path to one that decreases risks from global climate change. This chapter elucidates policy options available to reduce the petroleum fuel use of the U.S. light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet over the next three decades. More specifically, it identifies viable technology and policy options from making progress. A policy package is proposed that combines market-based and regulatory measures to both pull and push advanced vehicle technologies into market, as well as reduce the carbon intensity of vehicle and fuel use. Such an approach aims at exploiting synergies between different measures, removing perverse incentives, and increasing political acceptability of the overall strategy by spreading the impact and responsibility. An integrated policy package that combines fuel economy standards, a fee and rebate scheme for new vehicles, fuel taxes, and increased renewal by content in fuels is evaluated as an example. Such a coordinated set of policy actions might reduce the overall fuel use and GHG emissions of U.S. LDVs by 28 to 40 percent in 30 years from a no change, or status quo, scenario.
2 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the renewable energy resources within local government boundaries and assess their potential and how solar and wind energy resources might be harnessed, especially in respect of the built environment, and conclude that the benefits, in terms of greenhouse gas reduction, financial advantages and job creation, could accrue to the community at large in Playford and in Manningham, should policy be introduced to mandate carbon reduction targets.
Abstract: Climate change is forcing every level of government to look for ways to adapt to impacts and mitigate its effects. Top down policy responses at Federal and State level are evolving and bottom up initiatives at the level of individual businesses and households are beginning to capture public interest. However there is often a gap between these two extremes. This gap is well illustrated by the lack of empirical data in respect of the current energy profile of spatial areas such as local councils and an apparent lack of information on the potential for energy and greenhouse gas reduction across these spatial areas. Using case studies of the City of Playford local government area in South Australia and Manningham City Council in Victoria, this paper addresses the second of these aspects, and seeks to identify the renewable energy resources within their boundaries. It describes techniques for assessing their potential and how, in particular, the solar and wind energy resources might be harnessed, especially in respect of the built environment. The paper concludes by examining the benefits, in terms of greenhouse gas reduction, financial advantages and job creation, which could accrue to the community at large in Playford and in Manningham, should policy be introduced to mandate carbon reduction targets. These benefits may assist local government in meeting environmental, economic and social outcomes which they are increasingly expected to deliver.
2 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a framework for incorporating energy efficiency and energy use of buildings into urban models based on microeconomic theory and pricing mechanisms in real estate markets, using the example of the IRPUD urban land use, transport and environment model.
Abstract: Despite some recent conceptual studies and a modicum of empirical evidence, urban models do not currently take into account the energy efficiency of buildings. This paper presents a framework for incorporating energy efficiency and energy use of buildings into urban models based on microeconomic theory and pricing mechanisms in real estate markets. Using the example of the IRPUD urban land use, transport and environment model, it is demonstrated how a simplified model of building energy-efficient new buildings and retrofitting existing buildings can be integrated into the model to forecast the overall greenhouse gas emissions of households.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level.
Abstract: In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level. This technology is supposed to improve capacity utilization by reducing coordination costs between demand and supply. The model is estimated on a subsample of the 1999 National Roadside Survey, covering heavy trucks travelling in the province of Quebec. The LF is explained as a function of truck, trip and carrier characteristics. We show that the use of EVMS results in a 16 percentage points increase of LF on backhaul trips. However, we also find that the LF of equipped trucks is reduced by about 7.6 percentage points on fronthaul movements. This last effect could be explained by a rebound effect: higher expected LF on the returns lead carriers to accept shipments with lower fronthaul LF. Overall, we find that this technology has increased the tonne-kilometers transported of equipped trucks by 6.3% and their fuel efficiency by 5%.
2 citations
Cites result from "Energy efficiency and consumption —..."
...These results are in line with Hubbard (2000)....
[...]
01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the major barriers to retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency in South Africa, including low income, high investment costs, occupant resistance, high upfront cost, and low consumer appeal as the top five barriers.
Abstract: Literature has established the enormity of energy consumed by buildings. The processes involved in generating and distributing this energy, and most especially its usage is identified as causing a significant adverse environmental impact. As a strategy for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of existing buildings through the introduction of new technologies, retrofitting has become another avenue for achieving sustainability in the construction industry. This paper, therefore, seeks to identify the major barriers to retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency in South Africa. A structured questionnaire survey was used as the instrument for data collection. Data for the study were gathered from construction professionals (architects, civil engineers, quantity surveyors, project managers, construction managers, and energy engineers) with experience in building retrofit projects. A quantitative approach to data analysis was adopted using percentage, standard deviation, and mean item score. From the data analysed, the results revealed low income, high investment costs, occupant's resistance, high upfront cost, and low consumer appeal as the top five barriers. The findings from this study will help improve and encourage retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency which is believed to have the potential of drastically reducing the long-term cost of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.
2 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Deaton and Muellbauer as mentioned in this paper introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour and used it in applied econometrics, including consumer index numbers, household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons.
Abstract: This classic text has introduced generations of students to the economic theory of consumer behaviour. Written by 2015 Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the book begins with a self-contained presentation of the basic theory and its use in applied econometrics. These early chapters also include elementary extensions of the theory to labour supply, durable goods, the consumption function, and rationing. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. In the first of these the authors discuss restrictions on choice and aggregation problems. The next part consists of chapters on consumer index numbers; household characteristics, demand, and household welfare comparisons; and social welfare and inequality. The last part extends the coverage of consumer behaviour to include the quality of goods and household production theory, labour supply and human capital theory, the consumption function and intertemporal choice, the demand for durable goods, and choice under uncertainty.
3,952 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for the energy is an input, derived from demand for a firm's output, which is an output.
Abstract: Industrial demand for energy is essentially a derived demand: the firm's demand for energy is an input is derived from demand for the firm's output. Inputs other than energy typically also enter the firm's production process. Since firms tend to choose that bundle of inputs which minimized the total cost of producing a giving level of output, the derived demand for inputs, including energy, depends on the level of output, the submitions possibilies among inputs allow by production technology, and the relative prices of all inputs.
1,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables is presented, where the tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized.
Abstract: This article presents a model of individual behavior in the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. The tradeoff between capital costs for more energy efficient appliances and operating costs for the appliances is emphasized. Using data on both the purchase and utilization of room air conditioners, the model is applied to a sample of households. The utilization equation indicates a relatively low price elasticity. The purchase equation, based on a discrete choice model, demonstrates that individuals do trade off capital costs and expected operating costs. The results also show that individuals use a discount rate of about 20 percent in making the tradeoff decision and that the discount rate varies inversely with income.
1,361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective.
Abstract: Regulations which mandate appliance efficiency standards may be based on calculations which exaggerate the potential energy savings. Improved efficiency can, in fact, increase demand enough to be counterproductive unless the standards are applied selectively. As appliances improve, they are used more, new stock is demanded, and the demand for and use of related equipment increases. The policy implications of these empirical studies are that the indiscriminate use of mandated standards will backfire, but a mix of selective standards and reliance on prices as a restraint can be effective. 11 references, 5 figures, 2 tables. (DCK)
802 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on the powerful new techniques of qualitative choice analysis and standard regression techniques, which are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast.
Abstract: This book addresses two significant research areas in an interdependent fashion. It is first of all a comprehensive but concise text that covers the recently developed and widely applicable methods of qualitative choice analysis, illustrating the general theory through simulation models of automobile demand and use. It is also a detailed study of automobile demand and use, presenting forecasts based on these powerful new techniques. The book develops the general principles that underlie qualitative choice models that are now being applied in numerous fields in addition to transportation, such as housing, labor, energy, communications, and criminology. The general form, derivation, and estimation of qualitative choice models are explained, and the major models - logit, probit, and GEV - are discussed in detail. And continuous/discrete models are introduced. In these, qualitative choice methods and standard regression techniques are combined to analyze situations that neither alone can accurately forecast. Summarizing previous research on auto demand, the book shows how qualitative choice methods can be used by applying them to specific auto-related decisions as the aggregate of individuals' choices. The simulation model that is constructed is a significant improvement over older models, and should prove more useful to agencies and organizations requiring accurate forecasting of auto demand and use for planning and policy development. The book concludes with an actual case study based on a model designed for the investigations of the California Energy Commission.
726 citations