Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based green powered LTE-A cellular networks
01 Mar 2017-pp 1739-1745
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that a significant enhancement in on-grid energy savings for a prolonged period of time can be achieved and a novel network model for the downlink LTE-A cellular networks with hybrid power supplies is proposed.
Abstract: Energy efficiency (EE) is of paramount importance for future cellular networks due to ever increasing energy consumption. Powering radio access network with green energy promises a potential reduction of network operating cost and carbon footprints while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we propose a novel network model for the downlink LTE-A cellular networks with hybrid power supplies. The considered network deploys BSs having individual energy storages and on-site green energy harvester such as solar panel. Under the proposed model, joint transmission (JT) CoMP transmission technique is applied for selecting the best serving BSs for user equipment (UE). Our aim is to investigate the potential of SINR based JT CoMP and distanced based JT CoMP on the proposed hybrid model and quantify their individual contributions considering stochastic behavior of traffic demand profile. Extensive simulations are carried out for evaluating the energy consumption gain (ECG), energy reduction gain (ERG) and EE performance of the proposed model under a wide range of network scenarios. Results demonstrate that a significant enhancement in on-grid energy savings for a prolonged period of time can be achieved.
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TL;DR: Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS) and extensive comparison with other systems has been done to justify network validity.
Abstract: Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.
44 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..."
...Improving energy efficiency (EE) and maintaining QoS is quite challenging in the process of deploying renewable energy (RE) focused BSs [31], [32]....
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TL;DR: This paper investigates the benefits of unevenly harvested green energy sharing mechanism under zero fuel consumption scheme via physically installed resistive power lines taking into account of dynamic nature of renewable energy (RE) generation and traffic arrival density.
Abstract: In this paper, we focus on an essential energy management approach for enhancing energy efficiency (EE) as well as reducing fuel consumption of off-grid cellular networks whose base stations (BSs) are supplied with hybrid power sources including solar PV array and diesel generator (DG). To take the full advantage of PV technology, this paper examines the reliability performance and carbon footprint implications in addition to EE. This paper also investigates the benefits of unevenly harvested green energy sharing mechanism under zero fuel consumption scheme via physically installed resistive power lines taking into account of dynamic nature of renewable energy (RE) generation and traffic arrival density. Furthermore, joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) user association technique is integrated for achieving higher throughput and EE performance providing the best SINR quality to a connected user equipment (UE). A comprehensive Monte-Carlo based simulation study has been carried out for evaluating EE, EE index (EEI), and energy saving performances in downlink LTE-advanced networks under a wide range of network settings. The results reveal that the proposed system can attain up to 26% energy savings via cooperation mechanism and 48.7% more energy efficient in terms of EEI under peak load over the conventional hybrid paradigm.
41 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..."
...By considering these, network operators, academia and vendors are increasingly interested to deploy local RE generators for wireless data transmission which can radically reduce the grid energy depletion and improve network EE [16]–[18]....
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TL;DR: Numerical results validate the proposed network models demonstrating a considerable enhancement in network EE compared to other counterparts, and evaluate EE performance of the proposed framework under a wide range of network settings.
24 citations
Cites background or methods from "Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..."
...The ERG metric is derived from the ECG metric as [17]...
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...In our previous work [17], EE of homogeneous cellular networks was presented considering SINR and distance based JT CoMP only....
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...Consequently, the ECG metric measures the energy consumption improvement compared to a reference baseline system [17]....
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TL;DR: An energy-efficient hybrid framework for achieving envisaged green cellular networks with on-site solar energy harvester as the primary energy source along with the traditional grid electricity supplying additional energy demand is proposed.
22 citations
01 Dec 2017
TL;DR: Simulation results show that the proposed solution ensures 100% energy autonomy and long-term energy balance for the LTE macro BS and three key considerations have been discussed throughout the study using HOMER optimization tool: optimal solar architecture, energy yield analysis and the cost analysis.
Abstract: The continuous deployment of cellular base stations (BSs) is forcing the energy consumption in a wireless network at a staggering rate. This remarkable rise in energy utilization has become increasingly important for the mobile operators due to the significant economic and environmental aspect. The unavailability of reliable electricity grids push the telecom operators to install diesel generators (DG), which not only increases operational expenditure but also contributes to the considerable amount of carbon footprints. This paper aims to address sustainability of renewable power resources and ecological issues for off-grid cellular BSs. We consider all the macro BSs in Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network are solely driven by the renewable energy source such as solar energy and equipped with sufficient energy storage devices along with energy management units (EMU). In particular, we analyze the dimensioning of stand-alone capacity of on-site PV panel, power electronic converter and batteries based on the daily energy need of the BS. Three key considerations have been discussed throughout the study using HOMER optimization tool: optimal solar architecture, energy yield analysis and the cost analysis. Simulation results show that the proposed solution ensures 100% energy autonomy and long-term energy balance for the LTE macro BS.
21 citations
Cites background from "Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..."
...Recently, several curiosity driven researches [6], [8], [9] have been conducted to address the aforementioned issues under green cellular networks, aiming at providing cost efficient and eco-friendly wireless networks....
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References
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TL;DR: This paper explores current perspectives in power consumption for next generation networks, and provides a detailed survey on emerging technologies, projects, and work-in-progress standards, which can be adopted in networks and related infrastructures in order to reduce their carbon footprint.
Abstract: The concept of energy-efficient networking has begun to spread in the past few years, gaining increasing popularity. Besides the widespread sensitivity to ecological issues, such interest also stems from economic needs, since both energy costs and electrical requirements of telcos' and Internet Service Providers' infrastructures around the world show a continuously growing trend. In this respect, a common opinion among networking researchers is that the sole introduction of low consumption silicon technologies may not be enough to effectively curb energy requirements. Thus, for disruptively boosting the network energy efficiency, these hardware enhancements must be integrated with ad-hoc mechanisms that explicitly manage energy saving, by exploiting network-specific features. This paper aims at providing a twofold contribution to green networking. At first, we explore current perspectives in power consumption for next generation networks. Secondly, we provide a detailed survey on emerging technologies, projects, and work-in-progress standards, which can be adopted in networks and related infrastructures in order to reduce their carbon footprint. The considered approaches range from energy saving techniques for networked hosts, to technologies and mechanisms for designing next-generation and energy-aware networks and networking equipment.
716 citations
"Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..." refers background in this paper
...Another downside is that the radio access network (RAN) is the most significant energy hungry equipment in a cellular network amounting around 60%–80% of total consumption [3], [4]....
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TL;DR: The specification support for CoMP is discussed and the motivations behind the specific design choices are presented, including the deployment scenarios that were considered for the application of CoMP in Release 11.
Abstract: Advanced interference mitigation techniques relying on multipoint coordination have attracted significant attention from the wireless industry and academia in the past few years. In 3GPP LTE-Advanced, a work item on Coordinated Multiple Point transmission and reception (CoMP) was initiated in September 2011, and it is one of the core features of Release 11. The objective of this work item is to provide the necessary specification support to efficiently realize the benefits of cooperative transmission in the downlink and cooperative reception in the uplink. This article discusses the specification support for CoMP and the motivations behind the specific design choices. The deployment scenarios that were considered for the application of CoMP in Release 11 are also presented.
282 citations
"Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..." refers background in this paper
...It has been found that CoMP improves network performance by mitigating inter-cell interference (ICI), increasing the cellular coverage, cell-edge throughput, and overall spectral efficiency [11]....
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TL;DR: This paper envisiones that the BSs of future cellular networks are powered by both on-grid energy and green energy, and proposes algorithms to solve these sub-problems, and subsequently solve the green energy optimization problem.
Abstract: Green communications has received much attention recently. For cellular networks, the base stations (BSs) account for more than 50 percent of the energy consumption of the networks. Therefore, reducing the power consumption of BSs is crucial to achieve green cellular networks. With the development of green energy technologies, BSs are able to be powered by green energy in order to reduce the on-grid energy consumption, thus reducing the CO2 footprints. In this paper, we envision that the BSs of future cellular networks are powered by both on-grid energy and green energy. We optimize the energy utilization in such networks by maximizing the utilization of green energy, and thus saving on-grid energy. The optimal usage of green energy depends on the characteristics of the energy generation and the mobile traffic, which exhibit both temporal and spatial diversities. We decompose the problem into two sub-problems: the multi-stage energy allocation problem and the multi-BSs energy balancing problem. We propose algorithms to solve these sub-problems, and subsequently solve the green energy optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves significant on-grid energy savings.
235 citations
"Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..." refers background in this paper
...In [9], authors focused on cell size adaptation based on availability of green energy and also analyzed the optimization of green energy utilization during peak traffic hours....
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...Few researchs [8], [9] have been carried out in literature to investigate energy efficiency of cellular networks with hybrid power supply....
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TL;DR: A survey of different tradeoff mechanisms proposed in the literature for EE tradeoffs based on each protocol layer and its affect in the network energy efficiency is provided.
Abstract: Energy efficient (EE) communication has earned tremendous interest in recent years due to ever increasing number of wireless devices operating in shrinking cells, while demanding high data rates with high Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Expectation (QoE). To support these objectives, energy is consumed in every protocol layer. Establishing and maintaining a successful wireless communication link to simultaneously achieve all these objectives becomes challenging since the energy consumption requirements of the user and network are different for different objectives. Thus, there is a need for tradeoff techniques to achieve energy efficiency in each protocol layer. In this paper, we provide a survey of different tradeoff mechanisms proposed in the literature. The EE tradeoffs have been classified based on each protocol layer and discussed its affect in the network energy efficiency. These other QoS parameters include spectral efficiency, deployment, delay, routing, scheduling, bandwidth and coding etc. This survey also discusses the various EE techniques to improve energy-efficiency in infrastructure mode. Finally, the work provides an discussion, where impact of EE tradeoffs have been presented based on different wireless architecture towards realizing a green wireless communication network.
183 citations
"Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..." refers background in this paper
...5% of total global carbon emissions and this is expected to increase every year with the unprecedented growth of the mobile traffic [1], [2]....
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TL;DR: A hybrid algorithm is proposed that can incorporate offline information about the energy profiles, but operates in an online manner and the energy-saving performances of the developed offline and online algorithms are compared by simulations.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a model for energy cooperation between cellular base stations (BSs) with individual hybrid power supplies (including both the conventional grid and renewable energy sources), limited energy storages, and connected by resistive power lines for energy sharing. When the renewable energy profile and energy demand profile at all BSs are deterministic or known ahead of time, we show that the optimal energy cooperation policy for the BSs can be found by solving a linear program. We show the benefits of energy cooperation in this regime. When the renewable energy and demand profiles are stochastic and only causally known at the BSs, we propose an online energy cooperation algorithm and show the optimality properties of this algorithm under certain conditions. Furthermore, the energy-saving performances of the developed offline and online algorithms are compared by simulations, and the effect of the availability of energy state information (ESI) on the performance gains of the BSs' energy cooperation is investigated. Finally, we propose a hybrid algorithm that can incorporate offline information about the energy profiles, but operates in an online manner.
181 citations
"Energy efficiency of JT CoMP based ..." refers background in this paper
...Authors in [8] introduced a model for energy sharing between two cellular BSs with hybrid supplies for deterministic energy profile....
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...Few researchs [8], [9] have been carried out in literature to investigate energy efficiency of cellular networks with hybrid power supply....
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