Energy efficient multilayer protocol for wireless sensor networks
01 Dec 2015-pp 1-6
TL;DR: Various protocols in MAC layer, and Network layer are explored to provide an energy efficient network in wireless sensor networks.
Abstract: In wireless sensor networks (WSN), extensive life span requirement for diverse application and inadequate energy storage ability of sensor nodes has led to the discovery of a new field for reducing the power consumed by nodes. To increase the sensor node's life period, protocols have to be energy efficient so as to reduce energy consumption in each layer mainly physical layer (power consumption control), MAC layer (retransmission control) and network layer (routing protocol). In this paper, we explore various protocols in MAC layer, and Network layer to provide an energy efficient network.
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23 Feb 2022
TL;DR: The conclusion shows that most of the recent secure routing algorithms are not very effective due to various reasons like a huge amount of energy consumption, and large transmission overhead.
Abstract: Security is critical in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as they are utilized in various industries, including military, environmental monitoring, surveillance, and health care. Furthermore, it is considered a challenge for WSNs due to their limited resources, and deployments of the sensors in unattended and hostile filed have led to a growing demand for secure energy-effective protocols. Therefore, it needs to balance between security and energy consumption to keep the network's lifetime as long as possible with an acceptable level of security. Besides, the way of deploying the sensors in an unattended manner or hostile environment has led to the need for secure routing protocols to protect the transmission of data from the sensors to the base station. In this paper, we have outlined the network layer routing attacks on WSNs. This survey also discusses secure routing techniques for WSN and we have provided a comparison between existing secure routing protocols in terms of energy usage and the basic metric of security objective. Additionally, the latest strategies that are used by researchers in this field and the methods used to balance security and energy consumption were presented. Finally, the conclusion shows that most of the recent secure routing algorithms are not very effective due to various reasons like a huge amount of energy consumption, and large transmission overhead.
2 citations
27 Oct 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , a two-level hierarchies of the VGDRA protocol are designed to reduce energy usage in wireless sensor networks, and the CHs are chosen based on their location and energy.
Abstract: There are many nodes in a distributed environment that make up a wireless sensor network, and each node is able to perform reconfiguration tasks to fulfill user requests. Small-scale and remote locations are where sensor networks are implemented. So, the primary WSN problem becomes power consumption. The data sent by numerous sensor nodes is received by the sink node. The decision-making process is carried out after the similarity between the data from distinct sensor nodes is identified and eliminated. Additionally, the sink distributes acquired data locally and sends that data to distantly conducted networks. The currently conducted research makes use of VGDRA, an energy-efficient procedure that can lengthen WSN. The two-level hierarchies of the VGDRA protocol are designed to reduce energy usage in wireless sensor networks. The CHs are chosen using the VGDRA procedure based on their location and energy. The goal of this research is to improve the VGDRA routing algorithm in order to increase the network’s lifespan.
27 Oct 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a two-level hierarchies of the VGDRA protocol are designed to reduce energy usage in wireless sensor networks, and the CHs are chosen based on their location and energy.
Abstract: There are many nodes in a distributed environment that make up a wireless sensor network, and each node is able to perform reconfiguration tasks to fulfill user requests. Small-scale and remote locations are where sensor networks are implemented. So, the primary WSN problem becomes power consumption. The data sent by numerous sensor nodes is received by the sink node. The decision-making process is carried out after the similarity between the data from distinct sensor nodes is identified and eliminated. Additionally, the sink distributes acquired data locally and sends that data to distantly conducted networks. The currently conducted research makes use of VGDRA, an energy-efficient procedure that can lengthen WSN. The two-level hierarchies of the VGDRA protocol are designed to reduce energy usage in wireless sensor networks. The CHs are chosen using the VGDRA procedure based on their location and energy. The goal of this research is to improve the VGDRA routing algorithm in order to increase the network’s lifespan.
TL;DR: In this paper , a modified cluster head to normal ratio (M-CTNR) protocol is proposed to reduce the energy consumption of WSNs in which one level hierarchy is increased.
Abstract: AbstractThe wireless sensor network (WSN) is a form of decentralized network that is placed in remote locations. The network’s main challenge is energy consumption, which is caused by the small size of the sensor nodes (SNs) and their long deployment. The clustering is the most efficient technique which reduces energy consumption of the network. The data, whose collection is done from the aimed environment, is transmitted directly to the main station due to the restricted energy of SNs. The base station (BS) receives the data transmitted from various SNs. The cluster head to normal ratio (CTNR) is the protocol which is improved in this research work. The proposed improvements will reduce energy consumption of the network. In the proposed protocol, one level hierarchy is increased. For the path establishment, artificial bee colony is used. The improved CTNR protocol is called modified cluster head to normal ratio (M-CTNR). The M-CTNR protocol is implemented in MATLAB, and results are compared with various parameters.KeywordsClusteringWireless sensor networkEnergy efficient
01 Sep 2018
TL;DR: The proposed packet routing technique based on least delay path through measurements of packet rate and length is proposed and the performance of proposed algorithm is better than two algorithms compared in terms of packet delay.
Abstract: A packet routing technique based on least delay path through measurements of packet rate and length is proposed in this paper. The measurements accquired at each node are used to estimate the delay of the packets and compare to a pre-established delay threshold. If the delay is greater than the pre-established value, new paths of lower delay are established through the Dijkstra algorithm. The proposed algorithm is tested for several values of delay thresholds and intervals of measurements to define the appropriate parameters of better performance. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to two other algorithms in two different network topologies. The algorithms compared are shortest path routing algorithm and the least delay algorithm based on packet counting. The two network topologies have relative complexity, one containing 56 nodes and the other containing 40 nodes. For the tested conditions, the simulation results show that the performance of proposed algorithm is better than two algorithms compared in terms of packet delay.
Cites methods from "Energy efficient multilayer protoco..."
...In [6] an efficient protocol for the clustered sensor nodes using a medium access control (MAC) is proposed....
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References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: S-MAC as discussed by the authors is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks, which uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, including virtual clusters to auto-sync on sleep schedules.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 802.11 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important. S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration. To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep. Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules. Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes. Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling. Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network. We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley. The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 802.11-like MAC consumes 2–6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1–10s.
5,354 citations
07 Nov 2002
TL;DR: S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, and applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 80211 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 80211-like MAC consumes 2-6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1-10 s
5,117 citations
29 May 2012
TL;DR: This paper proposes a revised cluster routing algorithm named E-LEACH to enhance the hierarchical routing protocol LEACH, which considers the remnant power of the sensor nodes in order to balance network loads and changes the round time depends on the optimal cluster size.
Abstract: In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes always have a limited power resource. The energy consumed by transferring data from the sensor node to its destination raises as a critical issue in designing reasonable wireless sensor network routing protocols. In this paper we propose a revised cluster routing algorithm named E-LEACH to enhance the hierarchical routing protocol LEACH. In the E-LEACH algorithm, the original way of the selection of the cluster heads is random and the round time for the selection is fixed. In the E-LEACH algorithm, we consider the remnant power of the sensor nodes in order to balance network loads and changes the round time depends on the optimal cluster size. The simulation results show that our proposed protocol increases network lifetime at least by 40% when compared with the LEACH algorithm.
176 citations
"Energy efficient multilayer protoco..." refers methods in this paper
...The cluster heads transmit data to the coordinator in single-hop method which makes LEACH unable to be used in large-scale wireless sensor networks for the limit of efficient communication range of the sensor nodes [3]....
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18 Jun 2007
TL;DR: The design of a new low duty-cycle MAC layer protocol called Convergent MAC (CMAC) is presented, which avoids synchronization overhead while supporting low latency and significantly outperforms BMAC at 1% in terms of latency, throughput and energy efficiency.
Abstract: Low duty cycle operation is critical to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks. Traditional wake-up scheduling approaches either require periodic synchronization messages or incur high packet delivery latency due to the lack of any synchronization. In this paper, we present the design of a new low duty-cycle MAC layer protocol called Convergent MAC (CMAC). CMAC avoids synchronization overhead while supporting low latency. By using zero communication when there is no traffic, CMAC allows operation at very low duty cycles. When carrying traffic, CMAC first uses any cast to wake up forwarding nodes, and then converges from route-suboptimal any cast with unsynchronized duty cycling to route-optimal unicast with synchronized scheduling. To validate our design and provide a usable module for the community, we implement CMAC in TinyOS and evaluate it on the Kansei testbed consisting of 105 XSM nodes. The results show that CMAC at 1% duty cycle significantly outperforms BMAC at 1% in terms of latency, throughput and energy efficiency. We also compare CMAC with other protocols using simulations. The results show for 1% duty cycle, CMAC exhibits similar throughput and latency as CSMA/CA using much less energy, and outperforms SMAC and GeRaF in all aspects.
151 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: A new improved algorithm of LEACH protocol (LEACH-TLCH) is proposed which is intended to balance the energy consumption of the entire network and extend the life of the network.
Abstract: In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), due to the limitation of nodes’ energy, energy efficiency is an important factor should be considered when the protocols are designing. As a typical representative of hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH Protocol plays an important role. In response to the uneven energy distribution that is caused by the randomness of cluster heads forming , this paper proposes a new improved algorithm of LEACH protocol (LEACH-TLCH) which is intended to balance the energy consumption of the entire network and extend the life of the network . The new algorithm is emulated by Matlab simulation platform, the simulation results indicate that both energy efficiency and the lifetime of the network are better than that of LEACH Protocol.
142 citations