Energy saving technique and measurement in green wireless communication
TL;DR: An algorithm of dynamic transmitter shut down technique during low traffic is proposed that reduces the energy consumption of base stations by up to 18.8% as compared with the traditional static BSs, which is a step forward towards the implementation of green wireless communication.
About: This article is published in Energy.The article was published on 2018-09-15. It has received 13 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Energy consumption & Wireless network.
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TL;DR: Numerical analysis shows that the proposed approach not only provides significant economic benefits to service providers and households, but also reduces peak-to-average disparity of the energy load and the Internet traffic load.
11 citations
TL;DR: This paper considers multi-cell multi-carrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MCMC-NOMA) networks and investigates the EE maximization problem, and proposes a two stage quadratic transform with both a single ratio Quadratic and multidimensional quadRatic transform to convert it into an equivalent convex optimization problem.
Abstract: As energy efficiency (EE) is a key performance indicator for the future wireless network, it has become a significant research field in communication networks. In this paper, we consider multi-cell multi-carrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MCMC-NOMA) networks and investigate the EE maximization problem. As the EE maximization is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming NP-hard problem, it is difficult to solve directly by traditional optimization such as convex optimization. To handle the EE maximization problem, we decouple it into two subproblems. The first subproblem is user association, where we design a matching-based framework to perform the user association and the subcarriers’ assignment. The second subproblem is the power allocation problem for each user to maximize the EE of the systems. Since the EE maximization problem is still non-convex with respect to the power domain, we propose a two stage quadratic transform with both a single ratio quadratic and multidimensional quadratic transform to convert it into an equivalent convex optimization problem. The power allocation is obtained by iteratively solving the convex problem. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method could achieve better EE compared to existing approaches for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and considerably outperforms the fractional transmit power control (FTPC) scheme for orthogonal multiple access (OMA).
10 citations
Cites background from "Energy saving technique and measure..."
...However, even 4G with its high mount of data has shown lags in supporting such needs [1,2]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how energy retrofit, that is the set of all operations, technologies and methodologies aimed at increasing the performance of a system that was previously inefficient, can bring to energy consumption reduction, management costs optimization, and noticeable diminution of the emissions and environmental impact of the facilities.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the environmental and economic feasibility of using repurposed spent electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the ESS of communication base stations (CBS) for load shifting.
Abstract: Frequent electricity shortages undermine economic activities and social well-being, thus the development of sustainable energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes a center of attention. This study examines the environmental and economic feasibility of using repurposed spent electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the ESS of communication base stations (CBS) for load shifting. Methodologically, life cycle assessment (LCA) and net present value (NPV) are used to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of such system, respectively. Comparing with the conventional system without load shifting and the use of new LIBs in CBS, our analysis indicates that the proposed system is economically appealing, saving 17.6 % of life cycle cost. Nonetheless, the environmental performance of our system is almost identical to the conventional one, due to the relatively low round-trip efficiency of spent EV LIBs. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the differences of peak and valley electricity prices determine the economic potential of this system, and cleaner energy sources such as nuclear power could largely improve its overall environmental performance. By highlighting the importance of improving round-trip efficiency and using clean energy resources, our work offers implications for stakeholders like policymakers and researchers.
6 citations
TL;DR: A robust mixed integer linear problem is proposed that jointly solves the user association, the backhaul routing paths in the wireless mesh and the switching off of the unused links with the aim of minimizing the power consumption.
Abstract: With the expected increase in data traffic (e.g., video) and in the user devices generating new traffic (e.g., device-to-device communication, Internet of Things, etc.), the evolution of next-generation mobile networks (e.g., 5G networks) has gone towards heterogeneous deployments where multiple small cells coexist in the same area covered by a macro base station. To reduce the capital expenses in the network, a wireless mesh can be used, which is made of millimeter-wave links that route the data traffic of the mobile users inside the backhaul network. Such an increase in the number of deployed base stations inevitably increases the power consumption; hence, the operating expenses and the CO2 consumption also increase. To achieve greener mobile communications, sleep-mode strategies have been considered in order to switch off the unused network components. However, the switching on/off should be made according to the traffic demanded by the users and with the aim of guaranteeing the demanded service at any time. Given that the traffic demand and networking traffic fluctuate over time at each location, we propose a robust mixed integer linear problem that jointly solves the user association, the backhaul routing paths in the wireless mesh and the switching off of the unused links with the aim of minimizing the power consumption. The robust strategy is based on the $\Gamma $ -robust approach and is able to guarantee the user demand while taking into account its intrinsic variability. A thorough evaluation has been performed in order to analyze the impact of the robust strategy on the network performance.
4 citations
Cites background from "Energy saving technique and measure..."
...It is well known that the user distribution and traffic demand vary for a given location depending on the time of day and the day of the week [11]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
TL;DR: A concept of cell zooming is introduced, which adaptively adjusts the cell size according to traffic load, user requirements and channel conditions, which can greatly reduce the energy consumption, which leads to green cellular networks.
Abstract: Cell size in cellular networks is in general fixed based on the estimated traffic load. However, the traffic load can have significant spatial and temporal fluctuations, which bring both challenges and opportunities to the planning and operating of cellular networks. This article introduces a concept of cell zooming, which adaptively adjusts the cell size according to traffic load, user requirements and channel conditions. The implementation issues of cell zooming are then presented. Finally a usage case of cell zooming for energy saving is investigated. Centralized and distributed cell zooming algorithms are developed, and simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can greatly reduce the energy consumption, which leads to green cellular networks.
751 citations
TL;DR: The global carbon footprint of mobile communication systems is quantified, which reveals that production of mobile devices and global radio access network operation will remain the major contributors, accompanied by an increasing share of emissions due to data transfer in the backbone resulting from rising mobile traffic volumes.
Abstract: This article quantifies the global carbon footprint of mobile communication systems, and discusses its ecological and economic implications. Using up-to-date data and life cycle assessment models, we predict an increase of CO2 equivalent emissions by a factor of three until 2020 compared to 2007, rising from about 86 to 235 Mto CO2e, suggesting a steeper increase than predicted in the well-known SMART2020 report. We provide a breakdown of the global carbon footprint, which reveals that production of mobile devices and global radio access network operation will remain the major contributors, accompanied by an increasing share of emissions due to data transfer in the backbone resulting from rising mobile traffic volumes. The energy bill due to network operation will gain increasing importance in cellular business models. Furthermore, technologies to reduce energy consumption are considered a key enabler for the spread of mobile communications in developing countries. Taking into account several scenarios of technological advancement and rollout, we analyze the overall energy consumption of global radio access networks and illustrate the saving potential of green communication technologies. We conclude that, conditioned on quick implementation and alongside other "classical" improvements of spectral efficiency, these technologies offer the potential to serve three orders of magnitude more traffic with the same overall energy consumption as today.
714 citations
10 Apr 2011
TL;DR: This first detailed measurement analysis of network resource usage and subscriber behavior using a large-scale data set collected inside a nationwide 3G cellular data network delivers important insights into network-wide resource usage.
Abstract: We conduct the first detailed measurement analysis of network resource usage and subscriber behavior using a large-scale data set collected inside a nationwide 3G cellular data network. The data set tracks close to a million subscribers over thousands of base stations. We analyze individual subscriber behaviors and observe a significant variation in network usage among subscribers. We characterize subscriber mobility and temporal activity patterns and identify their relation to traffic volume. We then investigate how efficiently radio resources are used by different subscribers as well as by different applications. We also analyze the network traffic from the point of view of the base stations and find significant temporal and spatial variations in different parts of the network, while the aggregated behavior appears predictable. Broadly, our observations deliver important insights into network-wide resource usage. We describe implications in pricing, protocol design and resource and spectrum management.
438 citations
TL;DR: The proposed online algorithm is a simple mixture of inter- and intra-cell handover mechanisms for existing users and user association control and cell-site selection mechanisms for newly arriving users, and uses a notion of expected throughput as the decision making metric in conventional systems.
Abstract: Next-generation cellular networks will provide higher cell capacity by adopting advanced physical layer techniques and broader bandwidth. Even in such networks, boundary users would suffer from low throughput due to severe intercell interference and unbalanced user distributions among cells, unless additional schemes to mitigate this problem are employed. In this paper, we tackle this problem by jointly optimizing partial frequency reuse and load-balancing schemes in a multicell network. We formulate this problem as a network-wide utility maximization problem and propose optimal offline and practical online algorithms to solve this. Our online algorithm turns out to be a simple mixture of inter- and intra-cell handover mechanisms for existing users and user association control and cell-site selection mechanisms for newly arriving users. A remarkable feature of the proposed algorithm is that it uses a notion of expected throughput as the decision making metric, as opposed to signal strength in conventional systems. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our online algorithm can not only closely approximate network-wide proportional fairness but also provide two types of gain, interference avoidance gain and load balancing gain, which yield 20~100% throughput improvement of boundary users (depending on traffic load distribution), while not penalizing total system throughput.We also demonstrate that this improvement cannot be achieved by conventional systems using universal frequency reuse and signal strength as the decision making metric.
335 citations