Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons
TL;DR: In this paper, the main characteristics of different electricity storage techniques and their field of application (permanent or portable, long- or short-term storage, maximum power required, etc.).
Abstract: Electricity generated from renewable sources, which has shown remarkable growth worldwide, can rarely provide immediate response to demand as these sources do not deliver a regular supply easily adjustable to consumption needs. Thus, the growth of this decentralized production means greater network load stability problems and requires energy storage, generally using lead batteries, as a potential solution. However, lead batteries cannot withstand high cycling rates, nor can they store large amounts of energy in a small volume. That is why other types of storage technologies are being developed and implemented. This has led to the emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management of energy from renewable sources, allowing energy to be released into the grid during peak hours when it is more valuable. The work described in this paper highlights the need to store energy in order to strengthen power networks and maintain load levels. There are various types of storage methods, some of which are already in use, while others are still in development. We have taken a look at the main characteristics of the different electricity storage techniques and their field of application (permanent or portable, long- or short-term storage, maximum power required, etc.). These characteristics will serve to make comparisons in order to determine the most appropriate technique for each type of application.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: A comprehensive and clear picture of the state-of-the-art technologies available, and where they would be suited for integration into a power generation and distribution system is provided in this article.
2,790 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed and compared the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in available electrode materials.
Abstract: Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.
2,687 citations
TL;DR: The Scope of Review: Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage, Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels, and Capacitors 6486 5.1.2.
Abstract: 1. Setting the Scope of the Challenge 6474 1.1. The Need for Solar Energy Supply and Storage 6474 1.2. An Imperative for Discovery Research 6477 1.3. Scope of Review 6478 2. Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage 6478 2.1. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) 6479 2.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 6480 3. Smaller Scale Grid and Distributed Energy Storage 6481 3.1. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 6481 3.2. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 6482 4. Chemical Energy Storage: Electrochemical 6482 4.1. Batteries 6482 4.1.1. Lead-Acid Batteries 6483 4.1.2. Alkaline Batteries 6484 4.1.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries 6484 4.1.4. High-Temperature Sodium Batteries 6484 4.1.5. Liquid Flow Batteries 6485 4.1.6. Metal-Air Batteries 6485 4.2. Capacitors 6485 5. Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels 6486 5.1. Solar Fuels in Nature 6486 5.2. Artificial Photosynthesis and General Considerations of Water Splitting 6486
2,570 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct, which is essential to ensure higher life cycle and less decay in cell efficiency.
Abstract: Increasing demand for finding eco-friendly and everlasting energy sources is now totally depending on fuel cell technology. Though it is an eco-friendly way of producing energy for the urgent requirements, it needs to be improved to make it cheaper and more eco-friendly. Although there are several types of fuel cells, the hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cell is the one with zero carbon emission and water as the only byproduct. However, supplying fuels in the purest form (at least the H2) is essential to ensure higher life cycles and less decay in cell efficiency. The current large-scale H2 production is largely dependent on steam reforming of fossil fuels, which generates CO2 along with H2 and the source of which is going to be depleted. As an alternate, electrolysis of water has been given greater attention than the steam reforming. The reasons are as follows: the very high purity of the H2 produced, the abundant source, no need for high-temperature, high-pressure reactors, and so on. In earlier days,...
1,757 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs).
Abstract: Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.
1,279 citations
References
More filters
Book•
20 Dec 1999TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and propose PV cells for stand-alone and utility-interactive PV systems, and discuss the physics of photovoltaic cells and their applications.
Abstract: Background.- The Sun.- Introduction to PV Systems.- PV System Examples.- Cost Considerations.- Mechanical Considerations.- Stand-Alone PV Systems.- Utility Interactive PV Systems.- Externalities and Photovoltaics.- The Physics of Photovoltaic Cells.- Present and Proposed PV Cells.
638 citations
"Energy storage systems—Characterist..." refers background in this paper
...Evolution of cycling capacity as a function of depth of discharge for a lead–acid battery [21]....
[...]
...19) and/or the average state of charge [21]....
[...]
TL;DR: The SUBAT-project as discussed by the authors evaluated the opportunity to keep nickel-cadmium traction batteries for electric vehicles on the exemption list of European Directive 2000/53 on End-of-Life Vehicles.
278 citations
"Energy storage systems—Characterist..." refers background in this paper
...Distribution of the different electrochemical accumulators according to their energy densities, their power [14]....
[...]
Dissertation•
09 Dec 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, des modeles of photovoltaique and eolienne couplee au reseau and disposant d'un stockage a petite echelle (habitat individuel ou collectivite locale).
Abstract: Cette these a pour cadre la production d'electricite photovoltaique et eolienne couplee au reseau et disposant d'un stockage a petite echelle (habitat individuel ou collectivite locale). Les principaux interets d'un tel systeme sont la production propre sur le lieu de consommation, la mutualisation des ressources, et la securite d'approvisionnement. Dans une premiere partie, des modeles energetiques sont mis au point et compares avec succes a la realite grâce a un dispositif experimental completement instrumente. Nous obtenons alors une modelisation a la fois suffisamment precise pour rendre compte des transferts energetiques et suffisamment rapide pour permettre une optimisation du dimensionnement et de la gestion d'energie. Nous etablissons ensuite des modeles economiques complets des elements de la chaine afin de traduire en cout l'efficacite energetique des composants et la performance de la gestion energetique. Disposant de modeles energetiques, economiques et d'outils de dimensionnement et de gestion, nous avons effectue une etude d'optimisation fondee sur des cas simples de systemes multi-production. Pour aborder ce difficile probleme, nous nous sommes alors places dans le cadre d'un producteur-consommateur dont les conditions meteo au site de production ainsi que sa propre consommation sont supposees connues, donc deterministes. La problematique etait alors la recherche de strategies de gestion des flux d'energie et des caracteristiques fondamentales des elements de l'installation (puissances cretes photovoltaique, eolienne, capacite de stockage, ...) optimales permettant la minimisation du cout energetique.
101 citations
"Energy storage systems—Characterist..." refers background in this paper
...The dotted lines correspond to a model with no self-discharge resistance (I: source of current, ICC: short-circuit current) [20]....
[...]
...Power efficiency of a 48V-310Ah (15 kWh/10 h discharge) lead battery [20]....
[...]
16 Jul 2000
34 citations
"Energy storage systems—Characterist..." refers background in this paper
...A large number of studies [11] have shown that the air could be compressed and stored in underground, highpressure piping (20–100 bars)....
[...]
...Different types of compressed air storage reservoirs [11]....
[...]
...Illustration of underground compressed air storage piping [11]....
[...]
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a suspension magnetique is proposed, which does not require a volant d'inertie en rotation and does not need to be serviced by a generator.
Abstract: Le stockage d'energie est omnipresent dans les installations electriques actuelles. A cet effet, plusieurs laboratoires se sont associes afin de realiser un systeme de stockage d'energie par volant d'inertie. Le but de cette these a ete de realiser une suspension magnetique a faible cout de production et a consommation electrique nulle ou du moins la plus reduite possible. Cette suspension, destinee au maintient du volant d'inertie en rotation, doit permettre d'eliminer partiellement les roulements a billes afin de s'affranchir de l'usure et de la dissipation d'energie par frottement. A cet effet, une etude approfondie des phenomenes statiques et dynamiques a ete necessaire du fait des nombreux phenomenes electromagnetiques et mecaniques destabilisant. Enfin, la realisation d'un prototype de suspension magnetique nous a permit de tester et caler nos modeles et de faire apparaitre les avantages et inconvenients de la geometrie choisie
14 citations
"Energy storage systems—Characterist..." refers background in this paper
...Average daily power consumption in France [1]....
[...]
...Water volume needed at a given height to store 6MWh [1]....
[...]
...Supercapacitors assembled in series [1]....
[...]
...It has long been considered a common consumer good [1]....
[...]
...For example, in Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway), a definite margin of the population prefers to pay more for energy than to continue polluting the country [1]....
[...]