Enhanced assimilation rate and water use efficiency with latitude through increased photosynthetic capacity and internal conductance in balsam poplar

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Enhanced assimilation rate and water use efficiency with latitude through increased photosynthetic capacity and internal conductance in balsam poplar

Enhanced assimilation rate and water use efficiency with latitude through increased photosynthetic capacity and internal conductance in balsam poplar

Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally, Robert D. Guy, Salim N. Silim, Eric C. Drewes, William Schroeder - Show less +1 more

01 Jan 2009-

TL;DR: Higher peak rates of height growth in high latitude genotypes of balsam poplar are supported by higher A, achieved partly through higher g(m), to help compensate for a shorter growing season.

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Abstract: In outdoor common gardens, high latitude populations of deciduous tree species often display higher assimilation rates (A) than low latitude populations,but they accomplish less height.To test whether trends in A reflect adaptation to growing season length or, alternatively, are garden growth artefacts, we examined variation in height increment and ecophysiological traits in a range-wide collection of Populus balsamifera L. populations from 21 provenances, during unconstrained growth in a greenhouse. Rooted cut- tings, maintained without resource limitation under 21 h photoperiod for 90 d,displayed increasing height growth,A, leaf mass per area and leaf N per area with latitude whereas stomatal conductance (gs) showed no pattern. Water-use efficiency as indicated by both gas exchange and d 13 C increased with latitude, whereas photosynthetic nitrogen- use efficiency decreased. Differences in d 13 C were less than expected based on A/gs, suggesting coextensive variation in internal conductance (gm). Analysis of A-Ci curves on a subset of populations showed that high latitude genotypes had greater gm than low-latitude genotypes. We conclude that higher peak rates of height growth in high latitude genotypes of balsam poplar are supported by higher A, achieved partly through higher gm,to help compensate for a shorter growing season.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Diffusional conductances to CO2 as a target for increasing photosynthesis and photosynthetic water-use efficiency.

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Jaume Flexas¹, Ülo Niinemets², Alexander Gallé¹, Alexander Gallé³, Margaret M. Barbour⁴, Mauro Centritto⁵, Antonio Díaz-Espejo, Cyril Douthe¹, Jeroni Galmés¹, Miquel Ribas-Carbo¹, Pedro L. Rodriguez⁶, Francesc Rosselló¹, Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally⁷, Magdalena Tomás¹, Ian J. Wright⁸, Graham D. Farquhar⁹, Hipólito Medrano¹ - Show less +13 more•Institutions (9)

University of the Balearic Islands¹, Estonian University of Life Sciences², Bayer³, University of Sydney⁴, National Research Council⁵, Polytechnic University of Valencia⁶, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada⁷, Macquarie University⁸, Australian National University⁹

14 May 2013-Photosynthesis Research

TL;DR: It is suggested that the appropriate trait for selection for enhanced WUE is increased gm/gs, and it is concluded that for simultaneous improvement of AN and WUE, genetic manipulation of gm should avoid parallel changes in gs.

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Abstract: A key objective for sustainable agriculture and forestry is to breed plants with both high carbon gain and water-use efficiency (WUE). At the level of leaf physiology, this implies increasing net photosynthesis (A N) relative to stomatal conductance (g s). Here, we review evidence for CO2 diffusional constraints on photosynthesis and WUE. Analyzing past observations for an extensive pool of crop and wild plant species that vary widely in mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m), g s, and foliage A N, it was shown that both g s and g m limit A N, although the relative importance of each of the two conductances depends on species and conditions. Based on Fick's law of diffusion, intrinsic WUE (the ratio A N/g s) should correlate on the ratio g m/g s, and not g m itself. Such a correlation is indeed often observed in the data. However, since besides diffusion A N also depends on photosynthetic capacity (i.e., V c,max), this relationship is not always sustained. It was shown that only in a very few cases, genotype selection has resulted in simultaneous increases of both A N and WUE. In fact, such a response has never been observed in genetically modified plants specifically engineered for either reduced g s or enhanced g m. Although increasing g m alone would result in increasing photosynthesis, and potentially increasing WUE, in practice, higher WUE seems to be only achieved when there are no parallel changes in g s. We conclude that for simultaneous improvement of A N and WUE, genetic manipulation of g m should avoid parallel changes in g s, and we suggest that the appropriate trait for selection for enhanced WUE is increased g m/g s.

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273 citations

Cites background from "Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..."

...Moreover, the effects of genotypic differences in gm on WUE were recently demonstrated in barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Barbour et al. 2010) and among wild balsam poplar (Populus bals- amifera) genotypes sampled across a latitudinal gradient (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009)....
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...In balsam poplar, the studied provenances came from natural stands spread along a latitudinal gradient (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009)....
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...All data are averages for 4–8 replicates per genotype, from Soolanayakanahally et al. (2009) and unpublished....
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...For five spe- cies—rice (Oryza sativa) (Centritto et al. 2009), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009), barley (H. vulgare) (Barbour et al. 2010), grapevine (Vitis vinifera) (Flexas et al. 2010; Tomas, unpublished), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Galmés et al.…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Geographical and environmental gradients shape phenotypic trait variation and genetic structure in Populus trichocarpa

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Athena D. McKown¹, Robert D. Guy¹, Jaroslav Klápště², Jaroslav Klápště¹, Armando Geraldes¹, Michael Friedmann¹, Quentin C. B. Cronk¹, Yousry A. El-Kassaby¹, Shawn D. Mansfield¹, Carl J. Douglas¹ - Show less +6 more•Institutions (2)

University of British Columbia¹, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague²

01 Mar 2014-New Phytologist

TL;DR: Robust relationships between traits, population structure and geoclimate in P. trichocarpa reflect patterns which suggest that range-wide geographical and environment gradients have shaped its genotypic and phenotypic variability.

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Abstract: • Populus trichocarpa is widespread across western North America spanning extensive variation in photoperiod, growing season and climate. We investigated trait variation in P. trichocarpa using over 2000 trees from a common garden at Vancouver, Canada, representing replicate plantings of 461 genotypes originating from 136 provenance localities. • We measured 40 traits encompassing phenological events, biomass accumulation, growth rates, and leaf, isotope and gas exchange-based ecophysiology traits. With replicated plantings and 29,354 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 3518 genes, we estimated both broad-sense trait heritability (H(2)) and overall population genetic structure from principal component analysis. • Populus trichocarpa had high phenotypic variation and moderate/high H(2) for many traits. H(2) ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 in phenology, 0.3 to 0.8 in biomass and 0.1 to 0.8 in ecophysiology traits. Most traits correlated strongly with latitude, maximum daylength and temperature of tree origin, but not necessarily with elevation, precipitation or heat : moisture indices. Trait H(2) values reflected trait correlation strength with geoclimate variables. The population genetic structure had one significant principal component (PC1) which correlated with daylength and showed enrichment for genes relating to circadian rhythm and photoperiod. • Robust relationships between traits, population structure and geoclimate in P. trichocarpa reflect patterns which suggest that range-wide geographical and environment gradients have shaped its genotypic and phenotypic variability.

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183 citations

Cites background or methods from "Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..."

...The relationships between latitude and phenotypic variation (particularly phenology traits such as bud set) have been established previously in other Populus species (Luquez et al., 2008; Soolanayakanahally et al., 2009, 2013; Keller et al., 2011; Cooke et al., 2012)....
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...However, photoperiod provides an overriding signal which causes phenological mismatch when trees are moved to latitudes dissimilar from their site of origin (McKown et al., 2013; Soolanayakanahally et al., 2013)....
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...This is illustrated by P. balsamifera accessions where phenology timing shows marked shifts depending on the location of common gardens and results in varied dates for phenology from genetically identical trees (Olson et al., 2012; Soolanayakanahally et al., 2013)....
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...Phenology events were marked using visual observations of the terminal bud on the main bole or canopy as a whole (Soolanayakanahally et al., 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Growth and physiological responses of isohydric and anisohydric poplars to drought

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Ziv Attia¹, Jean-Christophe Domec², Ram Oren³, Danielle A. Way⁴, Danielle A. Way⁵, Menachem Moshelion¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (5)

Hebrew University of Jerusalem¹, North Carolina State University², Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences³, University of Western Ontario⁴, Duke University⁵

01 Jul 2015-Journal of Experimental Botany

TL;DR: Isohydric poplars have high water-use efficiency, while anisohydricpoplars show faster growth under a variable water supply, with implications for performance of the different genotypes for woody biomass production.

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Abstract: Understanding how different plants prioritize carbon gain and drought vulnerability under a variable water supply is important for predicting which trees will maximize woody biomass production under different environmental conditions. Here, Populus balsamifera (BS, isohydric genotype), P. simonii (SI, previously uncharacterized stomatal behaviour), and their cross, P. balsamifera x simonii (BSxSI, anisohydric genotype) were studied to assess the physiological basis for biomass accumulation and water-use efficiency across a range of water availabilities. Under ample water, whole plant stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and growth rates were higher in anisohydric genotypes (SI and BSxSI) than in isohydric poplars (BS). Under drought, all genotypes regulated the leaf to stem water potential gradient via changes in gs, synchronizing leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and E: isohydric plants reduced Kleaf, gs, and E, whereas anisohydric genotypes maintained high Kleaf and E, which reduced both leaf and stem water potentials. Nevertheless, SI poplars reduced their plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) during water stress and, unlike, BSxSI plants, recovered rapidly from drought. Low gs of the isohydric BS under drought reduced CO2 assimilation rates and biomass potential under moderate water stress. While anisohydric genotypes had the fastest growth under ample water and higher photosynthetic rates under increasing water stress, isohydric poplars had higher water-use efficiency. Overall, the results indicate three strategies for how closely related biomass species deal with water stress: survival-isohydric (BS), sensitive-anisohydric (BSxSI), and resilience-anisohydric (SI). Implications for woody biomass growth, water-use efficiency, and survival under variable environmental conditions are discussed.

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127 citations

Cites background from "Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..."

...Previous studies reported physiological differences in AN, gs, and WUEl, and molecular differences (e.g. aquaporin expression) between BS and BSxSI exposed to a range of water stress (Soolanayakanahally et al., 2009; Almeida-Rodriguez et al., 2010), despite their close genetic relationship....
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...leaf-level water-use efficiency, WUEl) is ~3–40 μmol CO2 mmol H2O across different well-watered poplar genotypes (Liang et al., 2006; Soolanayakanahally et al., 2009; Larchevêque et al., 2011), implying a more than 10-fold difference in potential carbon assimilation under a variety of soil water and evaporative demand conditions....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Relocation, high‐latitude warming and host genetic identity shape the foliar fungal microbiome of poplars

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Miklós Bálint, László Bartha¹, Robert B. O'Hara, Matthew S. Olson², Matthew S. Olson³, Jürgen Otte, Markus Pfenninger⁴, Amanda L. Robertson³, Amanda L. Robertson⁵, Peter Tiffin⁶, Imke Schmitt⁴ - Show less +7 more•Institutions (6)

Babeș-Bolyai University¹, Texas Tech University², University of Alaska Fairbanks³, Goethe University Frankfurt⁴, United States Fish and Wildlife Service⁵, University of Minnesota⁶

01 Jan 2015-Molecular Ecology

TL;DR: Examination of the effect of host relocation and high‐latitude warming on the complex fungal endophytic microbiome associated with leaves of an ecologically dominant boreal forest tree suggests that climate change effects on host–microbiome systems may be mediated by the interaction of environmental factors and the population genetic processes of the hosts.

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Abstract: Micro-organisms associated with plants and animals affect host fitness, shape community structure and influence ecosystem properties. Climate change is expected to influence microbial communities, but their reactions are not well understood. Host-associated micro-organisms are influenced by the climate reactions of their hosts, which may undergo range shifts due to climatic niche tracking, or may be actively relocated to mitigate the effects of climate change. We used a common-garden experiment and rDNA metabarcoding to examine the effect of host relocation and high-latitude warming on the complex fungal endophytic microbiome associated with leaves of an ecologically dominant boreal forest tree (Populus balsamifera L.). We also considered the potential effects of poplar genetic identity in defining the reactions of the microbiome to the treatments. The relocation of hosts to the north increased the diversity of the microbiome and influenced its structure, with results indicating enemy release from plausible pathogens. High-latitude warming decreased microbiome diversity in comparison with natural northern conditions. The warming also caused structural changes, which made the fungal communities distinct in comparison with both low-latitude and high-latitude natural communities, and increased the abundance of plausible pathogens. The reactions of the microbiome to relocation and warming were strongly dependent on host genetic identity. This suggests that climate change effects on host-microbiome systems may be mediated by the interaction of environmental factors and the population genetic processes of the hosts.

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118 citations

Cites background from "Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..."

...lars are adapted to conditions typical of high latitudes (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Keller et al. 2011, 2012; Olson et al. 2013), and this adaptation may additionally...
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...The second indicator is the latitude of the original poplar source populations as poplars show adaptation to local conditions along this latitudinal gradient (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Keller et al. 2011, 2012; Olson et al. 2013)....
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...Northern deme poplars are adapted to conditions typical of high latitudes (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Keller et al. 2011, 2012; Olson et al. 2013), and this adaptation may additionally influence how their microbiome reacts to the environment....
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...The populations of balsam poplar belong to distinct geographic demes (Keller et al. 2010) and show adaptations to the local climate along a latitudinal gradient (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Keller et al. 2011, 2012; Olson et al. 2013)....
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...2010) and show adaptations to the local climate along a latitudinal gradient (Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Keller et al. 2011, 2012; Olson et al. 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A 34K SNP genotyping array for Populus trichocarpa: Design, application to the study of natural populations and transferability to other Populus species

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Armando Geraldes¹, Stephen P. DiFazio², Gancho T. Slavov², Gancho T. Slavov³, Priya Ranjan⁴, Wellington Muchero⁵, Jan Hannemann⁶, Lee E. Gunter⁵, Ann M. Wymore⁵, Christopher J. Grassa¹, Nima Farzaneh¹, Ilga Porth¹, Athena D. McKown¹, Oleksandr Skyba¹, Eryang Li¹, Miki Fujita¹, Jaroslav Klápště¹, Joel Martin⁷, Wendy Schackwitz⁷, Christa Pennacchio⁷, Daniel S. Rokhsar⁷, Michael Friedmann¹, G. O. Wasteneys¹, Robert D. Guy¹, Yousry A. El-Kassaby¹, Shawn D. Mansfield¹, Quentin C. B. Cronk¹, Jürgen Ehlting⁶, Carl J. Douglas¹, Gerald A. Tuskan⁷, Gerald A. Tuskan⁵ - Show less +27 more•Institutions (7)

University of British Columbia¹, West Virginia University², Aberystwyth University³, University of Tennessee⁴, Oak Ridge National Laboratory⁵, University of Victoria⁶, Joint Genome Institute⁷

01 Mar 2013-Molecular Ecology Resources

TL;DR: Evidence for the utility of the SNP genotyping array to address evolutionary questions such as intraspecific studies of genetic differentiation, species assignment and the detection of natural hybrids is provided.

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Abstract: Genetic mapping of quantitative traits requires genotypic data for large numbers of markers in many individuals. For such studies, the use of large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays still offers the most cost-effective solution. Herein we report on the design and performance of a SNP genotyping array for Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood). This genotyping array was designed with SNPs pre-ascertained in 34 wild accessions covering most of the species latitudinal range. We adopted a candidate gene approach to the array design that resulted in the selection of 34 131 SNPs, the majority of which are located in, or within 2 kb of, 3543 candidate genes. A subset of the SNPs on the array (539) was selected based on patterns of variation among the SNP discovery accessions. We show that more than 95% of the loci produce high quality genotypes and that the genotyping error rate for these is likely below 2%. We demonstrate that even among small numbers of samples (n = 10) from local populations over 84% of loci are polymorphic. We also tested the applicability of the array to other species in the genus and found that the number of polymorphic loci decreases rapidly with genetic distance, with the largest numbers detected in other species in section Tacamahaca. Finally, we provide evidence for the utility of the array to address evolutionary questions such as intraspecific studies of genetic differentiation, species assignment and the detection of natural hybrids.

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93 citations

Cites background from "Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..."

...Determining their genetic basis will therefore require genotyping a large number of molecular markers in large collections of natural accessions, which are currently available for some Populus species (e.g. Luquez et al. 2008; Xie et al. 2009; Soolanayakanahally et al. 2009; Slavov et al. 2012)....
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Book•

The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil

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D. R. Hoagland, D. I. Arnon

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Journal Article•DOI•

The worldwide leaf economics spectrum

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Ian J. Wright¹, Peter B. Reich², Mark Westoby¹, David D. Ackerly³, Zdravko Baruch⁴, Frans Bongers⁵, Jeannine Cavender-Bares⁶, Terry Chapin⁷, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen⁸, M. Diemer⁹, Jaume Flexas, Eric Garnier¹⁰, Philip K. Groom¹¹, Javier Gulías, Kouki Hikosaka¹², Byron B. Lamont¹¹, Tali D. Lee¹³, William G. Lee¹⁴, Christopher H. Lusk¹⁵, Jeremy J. Midgley¹⁶, Marie-Laure Navas¹⁰, Ülo Niinemets¹⁷, Jacek Oleksyn¹⁸, Jacek Oleksyn², Noriyuki Osada¹⁹, Hendrik Poorter²⁰, Pieter Poot²¹, Lynda D. Prior²², Vladimir I. Pyankov²³, Catherine Roumet¹⁰, Sean C. Thomas²⁴, Mark G. Tjoelker²⁵, Erik J. Veneklaas²¹, Rafael Villar²⁶ - Show less +30 more•Institutions (26)

Macquarie University¹, University of Minnesota², Stanford University³, Simón Bolívar University⁴, Wageningen University and Research Centre⁵, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center⁶, University of Alaska Fairbanks⁷, VU University Amsterdam⁸, University of Zurich⁹, Centre national de la recherche scientifique¹⁰, Curtin University¹¹, Tohoku University¹², University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire¹³, Landcare Research¹⁴, University of Concepción¹⁵, University of Cape Town¹⁶, University of Tartu¹⁷, Polish Academy of Sciences¹⁸, University of Tokyo¹⁹, Utrecht University²⁰, University of Western Australia²¹, Charles Darwin University²², Ural State University²³, University of Toronto²⁴, Texas A&M University²⁵, University of Córdoba (Spain)²⁶

22 Apr 2004-Nature

TL;DR: Reliable quantification of the leaf economics spectrum and its interaction with climate will prove valuable for modelling nutrient fluxes and vegetation boundaries under changing land-use and climate.

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Abstract: Bringing together leaf trait data spanning 2,548 species and 175 sites we describe, for the first time at global scale, a universal spectrum of leaf economics consisting of key chemical, structural and physiological properties. The spectrum runs from quick to slow return on investments of nutrients and dry mass in leaves, and operates largely independently of growth form, plant functional type or biome. Categories along the spectrum would, in general, describe leaf economic variation at the global scale better than plant functional types, because functional types overlap substantially in their leaf traits. Overall, modulation of leaf traits and trait relationships by climate is surprisingly modest, although some striking and significant patterns can be seen. Reliable quantification of the leaf economics spectrum and its interaction with climate will prove valuable for modelling nutrient fluxes and vegetation boundaries under changing land-use and climate.

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6,360 citations

"Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..." refers background in this paper

...Wright et al. (2004) examined leaf economics across 2548 species worldwide and concluded that climatic variables explain only a small portion of the overall variation, but this of course included very different co-occurring species....
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...This is in keeping with the observation that species with longer leaf longevity allocate more resources to structural components, as reflected by LMA, to provide physical resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors (Wright, Westoby & Reich 2002; Wright et al. 2004)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Photosynthesis

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Graham D. Farquhar, James R. Ehleringer, Kerry T. Hubick

01 Jan 1989

TL;DR: In this article, the physical and enzymatic bases of carbone isotope discrimination during photosynthesis were discussed, noting how knowledge of discrimination can be used to provide additional insight into photosynthetic metabolism and the environmental influences on that process.

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Abstract: We discuss the physical and enzymatic bases of carbone isotope discrimination during photosynthesis, noting how knowledge of discrimination can be used to provide additional insight into photosynthetic metabolism and the environmental influences on that process

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6,246 citations

The Water-Culture Method of Growing Plants without Soil.

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D. R. Hoaglang

01 Jan 1950

5,010 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves.

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S. von Caemmerer¹, Graham D. Farquhar¹•Institutions (1)

Australian National University¹

01 Dec 1981-Planta

TL;DR: It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 Assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at lowand high inter cellular p (CO2).

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Abstract: A series of experiments is presented investigating short term and long term changes of the nature of the response of rate of CO2 assimilation to intercellular p(CO2). The relationships between CO2 assimilation rate and biochemical components of leaf photosynthesis, such as ribulose-bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase-oxygenase activity and electron transport capacity are examined and related to current theory of CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. It was found that the response of the rate of CO2 assimilation to irradiance, partial pressure of O2, p(O2), and temperature was different at low and high intercellular p(CO2), suggesting that CO2 assimilation rate is governed by different processes at low and high intercellular p(CO2). In longer term changes in CO2 assimilation rate, induced by different growth conditions, the initial slope of the response of CO2 assimilation rate to intercellular p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of RuP2 carboxylase activity. Also, CO2 assimilation rate at high p(CO2) could be correlated to in vitro measurements of electron transport rate. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CO2 assimilation rate is limited by the RuP2 saturated rate of the RuP2 carboxylase-oxygenase at low intercellular p(CO2) and by the rate allowed by RuP2 regeneration capacity at high intercellular p(CO2).

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4,385 citations

"Enhanced assimilation rate and wate..." refers methods in this paper

...…and PPFD of 1000 mmol m-2 s-1 supplied by a mixed red/blue light-emitting diode (LED) unit mounted on the top of the cuvette.Net CO2 assimilation rate (A), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and stomatal conductance (gs) were calculated according to von Caemmerer & Farquhar (1981)....
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