Enhancement lipase activity via immobilization onto chitosan beads used as seed particles during fluidized bed drying: Application in butyl butyrate production
TL;DR: The kinetic data showed that the lipase immobilized on chitosan beads activated with glutaraldehyde was catalytically more efficient than the free lipase, and this system was employed as biocatalyst to esterify butyric acid with butanol.
Abstract: We present a method for lipase immobilization via fluidized bed technology. The enzyme drying/immobilization solution consisted of phosphate buffer (50 mM pH 7.0) containing the lipase (5.0 mgprotein/gchitosan), 200 mM of NaCl and PEG-1500 (1.5 % m/v). The lipase immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated enhanced 46.5 % of initial lipase activity. The optimum pH for the free lipase was slightly acid (pH 6.5), whereas the optimum pH for the immobilized systems shifted to the alkaline region (pH 8.0). As for the optimum temperature, it went from 45 °C for the free lipase to 50 °C for the immobilized systems. The immobilized systems had half-life of 5.81 h and stabilization factor of 10.75 at 80 °C. The kinetic data showed that the lipase immobilized on chitosan beads activated with glutaraldehyde was catalytically more efficient (KM: 0.015, Vmax: 170.4 μmol/min/mg, and Vmax/KM: 11,360) than the free lipase (KM: 0.035, Vmax: 120.3 μmol/min/mg, and Vmax/KM: 3437); displayed low moisture content and water activity (moisture: 3.84 % and AW: 0.10); and retained 85.5 % of its initial activity (vs 16.5 % retained activity for the free lipase) after storage for six months. After ten reuse cycles, said immobilized system retained 75.2 % of its initial activity. We employed this system as biocatalyst to esterify butyric acid with butanol. We developed a centered faced central composite design 22 and a mathematical model to describe how the ester content behaved as a function of temperature and amount of biocatalyst, as independent variables. Under optimized conditions (temperature of 45 °C and biocatalyst mass of 0.5 g), 18 g of butyl butyrate/L was attained within 6 h, which corresponded to an esterification yield of 98.96 %.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper , the intrinsic features of nine types of heterogeneous catalysts, including heteropolyacid, zeolite, hydrotalcite, carbon and waste materials, metal, metal oxide, enzyme, and ion exchange resins, have been studied in detail.
42 citations
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, six types of biosorbents were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques and their biosorptive capacities for three drugs (cephalexin, rifampicin, ethacridine lactate) and two dyes (orange II and indigo carmine) were evaluated.
Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and dyes are a very important part of the nonbiodegradable or hard biodegradable substances present in wastewater. Microorganisms are already known to be effective biosorbents, but the use of free microbial cells involves difficulties in their separation from effluents and limits their application in wastewater treatment. Thus, this study aimed to develop biosorbents by immobilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces pastorianus residual biomass on natural polymers (alginate and chitosan) and to evaluate the biosorptive potential for removal of pharmaceuticals and dyes from water. Six types of biosorbents were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques and their biosorptive capacities for three drugs (cephalexin, rifampicin, ethacridine lactate) and two dyes (orange II and indigo carmine) were evaluated. The obtained results show that the removal efficiency depends on the polymer type used for the immobilization. In case of alginate the removal efficiency is between 40.05% and 96.41% for drugs and between 27.83% and 58.29% for dyes, while in the case of chitosan it is between 40.83% and 77.92% for drugs and between 17.17% and 44.77% for dyes. In general, the synthesized biosorbents proved to be promising for the removal of drugs and dyes from aqueous solutions.
7 citations
01 Jul 2022
TL;DR: The overall stability of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was improved via immobilization onto low-cost eco-friendly carriers (agroindustrial wastes) followed by using spouted bed dryer or spray dryer as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: The overall stability of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was improved via immobilization onto low-cost eco-friendly carriers (agroindustrial wastes) followed by using spouted bed dryer or spray dryer. Lipase covalently immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated rice husk proved the greatest performance, retaining 94.1% of the initial activity, followed by sugarcane bagasse (90.3%) and green coconut fiber (89.3%). On the other hand, the enzyme activity retention of CRL-lipase bioencapsulated in magnetic chitosan treated with glutaraldehyde or sodium tripolyphosphate ranged from 73.6% to 84.6%. The dried product moisture content, and water activities ranged from 4.1% and 6.5% and from 0.2 to 0.35, respectively. After storage for six months at 5 °C, the immobilized enzyme systems retained at least 70.0% of its initial activity (vs 18.3% retained activity for the free lipase). After ten reuse cycles, enzyme immobilized onto lignocellulosic carriers retained on average 72.7% of its initial activity. The thermostability of all immobilized derivatives was significantly improved and lipase immobilized onto rice husk showed a stabilization factor of 20.44 at 80 °C. The kinetic data showed that the CRL-lipase suffered alterations in catalytic behavior after the immobilization/drying, mainly a slight decrease in affinity to the substrate (↑KM). Among all the assessed immobilized lipase for aroma synthesis the rice husk immobilized lipase displayed the best result towards the production of isoamyl caprylate (62.40 g.L−1). In conclusion, this report reinforces the urgent need for the economic development of eco-sustainable immobilized biocatalysts to boost the use of enzymatic technology on industrial scale, and the feasibility of the association of immobilization and drying processes to improve the enzyme-quality features.
5 citations
TL;DR: Coacervation of the lipase from Aspergillus oryzae (AOL) with chitosan was a feasible way to fabricate lipase-loaded particles and the optimum conditions were phase separation pH 5.5 and temperature 25 °C in the absence of NaCl as discussed by the authors .
4 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr with little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose.
225,085 citations
08 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this article, Arun S. Mujumdar and Zdzislaw Pakowski discuss the fundamental principles, classification, and selection of spray dryers for various industrial spray drying processes.
Abstract: Section I - Fundamental Aspects Principles, Classification, and Selection of Dryers Arun S. Mujumdar Experimental Techniques in Drying Karoly Molnar Basic Process Calculations and Simulations in Drying Zdzislaw Pakowski and Arun S. Mujumdar Transport Properties in the Drying of Solids Dimitris Marinos-Kouris and Z.B. Maroulis Spreadsheet-Aided Dryer Design Z.B. Maroulis, G.D. Saravacos, and Arun S. Mujumdar Section II - Description of Various Dryer Types Indirect Dryers Sakamon Devahastin and Arun S. Mujumdar Rotary Drying Magdalini Krokida, Dimitris Marinos-Kouris, and Arun S. Mujumdar Fluidized Bed Dryers Chung Lim Law and Arun S. Mujumdar Industrial Spray Drying Systems Iva Filkova, Li Xin Huang, and Arun S. Mujumdar Theoretical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Spray Drying Processes Maksim Mezhericher, Avi Levy, and Irene Borde Drum Dryers Wan Ramli Wan Daud Freeze Drying Athanasios I. Liapis and Roberto Bruttini Microwave and Dielectric Drying Robert F. Schiffmann Solar Drying Laszlo Imre and Arun S. Mujumdar Spouted Bed Drying Elizabeth Pallai, Tibor Szentmarjay, Sachin V. Jangam, and Arun S. Mujumdar Impingement Drying Arun S. Mujumdar Pneumatic and Flash Drying Irene Borde and Avi Levy Conveyor Dryers Dan Poirier Infrared Drying Cristina Ratti and Arun S. Mujumdar Superheated Steam Drying Arun S. Mujumdar Special Drying Techniques and Novel Dryers Tadeusz Kudra and Arun S. Mujumdar Intermittent Drying Karim Allaf, Sabah Mounir, Mohamed Negm, Tamara Allaf, Hanintsoa Ferrasse, and Arun S. Mujumdar Pulse Combustion Drying Wu Zhonghua and Arun S Mujumdar Section III - Drying in Various Industrial Sectors Drying of Foodstuffs Shahab Sokhansanj and Digvir S. Jayas Drying of Fish and Seafood M. Shafiur Rahman Grain Drying Vijaya G.S. Raghavan and Venkatesh Sosle Grain Property Values and Their Measurement Digvir S. Jayas and Stefan Cenkowski Drying of Rice Somkiat Prachayawarakorn, Chaiyong Taechapairoj, Adisak Nathakaranakule, Sakamon Devahastin, and Somchart Soponronnarit Drying of Fruits and Vegetables D. K. Das Gupta and K. S. Jayaraman Drying of Herbal Medicines and Tea Guohua Chen and Arun S. Mujumdar Drying of Potato, Sweet Potato, and Other Roots Shyam S. Sablani and Arun S. Mujumdar Osmotic Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables Piotr P. Lewicki and Andrzej Lenart Drying of Pharmaceutical Products Zdzislaw Pakowski and Arun S. Mujumdar Drying of Nanosize Products Baohe Wang, Li Xin Huang, and Arun S. Mujumdar Drying of Ceramics Yoshinori Itaya, Shigekatsu Mori, and Masanobu Hasatani Drying of Peat and Biofuels Roland Wimmerstedt Drying of Fibrous Materials Roger B. Keey Drying of Textile Products Wallace W. Carr, H. Stephen Lee, and Hyunyoung Ok Drying of Pulp and Paper Osman Polat and Arun S. Mujumdar Drying of Wood: Principles and Practices Patrick Perre and Roger B. Keey Drying of Biomass Shusheng Pang Drying in Mineral Processing Arun S. Mujumdar Dewatering and Drying of Wastewater Treatment Sludge Guohua Chen, Po Lock Yue, and Arun S. Mujumdar Physicochemical Aspects of Sludge Drying Sachin V. Jangam, Tolga Tuncal and Arun Mujumdar Drying of Biotechnological Products Janusz Adamiec, Wladyslaw Kaminski, Adam S. Markowski, and Czeslaw Strumillo Drying of Coated Webs James Y. Hung, Richard J. Wimberger, and Arun S. Mujumdar Drying of Polymers Arun S. Mujumdar and Mainul Hasan Drying of Enzymes Ana M.R. Pilosof and Virginia E. Sanchez Drying of Proteins M. Amdadul Haque and Benu Adhikari Product Functionality-Oriented Drying Process related to Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering Meng Wai Woo and Arun Mujumdar Drying of Coal Jerzy Pikon, Sachin V. Jangam, and Arun S. Mujumdar Section IV - Miscellaneous Topics in Industrial Drying Dryer Feeding Systems Rami Y. Jumah and Arun S. Mujumdar Dryer Emission Control Systems Rami Y. Jumah and Arun S. Mujumdar Energy Aspects in Drying Czeslaw Strumillo, Peter L. Jones, and Romuald Zylla Heat Pump Drying Systems Chou Siaw Kiang and Chua Kian Jon Safety Aspects of Industrial Dryers Adam S. Markowski and Arun S. Mujumdar Control of Industrial Dryers Rami Y. Jumah, Arun S. Mujumdar, and Vijaya G.S. Raghavan Solid-Liquid Separation for Pretreatment of Drying Operation Mompei Shirato and Masashi Iwata Frying of Foods Vassiliki Oreopoulou, Magdalini Krokida, and Dimitris Marinos-Kouris Use of Simprosys in Drying Flowsheet Calculations Z. X. Gong, Sachin V. Jangam, and Arun S. Mujumdar Life Cycle-Assessment of Drying Systems Nawshad Haque, Sachin V. Jangam, and Arun Mujumdar Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Aspects of Drying Stefan J. Kowalski and Andrzej Rybicki Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Drying Marzouk Benali and Yacine Boumghar Industrial Crystallization Seppo Palosaari, Marjatta Louhi-Kultanen, and Zuoliang Sha Cost-Estimation Methods for Drying Zbigniew T. Sztabert and Tadeusz Kudra
1,711 citations
TL;DR: The practical applications of lipases in organic media reviewed include ester synthesis, modification of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, fatty acid enrichment, enantiomer resolution, biodiesel production and acylation of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds.
Abstract: Different methods of preparing lipases for use in organic media are critically reviewed. Solid lipase preparations can be made by typical immobilisation methods such as adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling or cross-linking. Immobilisation is especially attractive for lipases because, in addition to the normal benefits of enzyme immobilisation, it can also lead to a considerable increase in catalytic activity, probably caused by conformational changes in the lipase molecules. Activation can be achieved, for example, using hydrophobic support materials or surfactants during the immobilisation procedure. Surfactants can also be used to solubilise lipases in organic media via the formation of hydrophobic ion pairs, surfactant-coated lipase or reversed micelles. Lipase preparation methods are discussed with regard to potential lipase inactivation and activation effects, mass transfer limitations, lipase stability and other features important for applications. The practical applications of lipases in organic media reviewed include ester synthesis, modification of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, fatty acid enrichment, enantiomer resolution, biodiesel production and acylation of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds.
678 citations
TL;DR: Glutaraldehyde, an apparently old fashioned reactive, remains the most widely used and with broadest application possibilities among the compounds used for the design of biocatalyst.
Abstract: Glutaraldehyde is one of the most widely used reagents in the design of biocatalysts. It is a powerful crosslinker, able to react with itself, with the advantages that this may bring forth. In this review, we intend to give a general vision of its potential and the precautions that must be taken when using this effective reagent. First, the chemistry of the glutaraldehyde/amino reaction will be commented upon. This reaction is still not fully clarified, but it seems to be based on the formation of 6-membered heterocycles formed by 5 C and one O. Then, we will discuss the production of intra- and inter-molecular enzyme crosslinks (increasing enzyme rigidity or preventing subunit dissociation in multimeric enzymes). Special emphasis will be placed on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), mainly in enzymes that have low density of surface reactive groups and, therefore, may be problematic to obtain a final solid catalyst. Next, we will comment on the uses of glutaraldehyde in enzymes previously immobilized on supports. First, the treatment of enzymes immobilized on supports that cannot react with glutaraldehyde (only inter and intramolecular cross-linkings will be possible) to prevent enzyme leakage and obtain some enzyme stabilization via cross-linking. Second, the cross-linking of enzymes adsorbed on aminated supports, where together with other reactions enzyme/support crosslinking is also possible; the enzyme is incorporated into the support. Finally, we will present the use of aminated supports preactivated with glutaraldehyde. Optimal glutaraldehyde modifications will be discussed in each specific case (one or two glutaraldehyde molecules for amino group in the support and/or the protein). Using preactivated supports, the heterofunctional nature of the supports will be highlighted, with the drawbacks and advantages that the heterofunctionality may have. Particular attention will be paid to the control of the first event that causes the immobilization depending on the experimental conditions to alter the enzyme orientation regarding the support surface. Thus, glutaraldehyde, an apparently old fashioned reactive, remains the most widely used and with broadest application possibilities among the compounds used for the design of biocatalyst.
639 citations
TL;DR: This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to reactors containing lipases in immobilized forms, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject.
466 citations