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Journal ArticleDOI

Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, after oral administration of peptidoglycan derived from Bifidobacterium thermophilum

TL;DR: Results indicate that the oral administration of PG to kuruma shrimp enhances the phagocytic activity of the granulocytes and increases the disease resistance of shrimps.
About: This article is published in Aquaculture.The article was published on 1998-05-01. It has received 283 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: White spot syndrome & Shrimp.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the commercial applications of Bacillus probiotics and makes a case that many Bacillus species should not be considered allochthonous microorganisms but, instead, ones that have a bimodal life cycle of growth and sporulation in the environment as well as within the GIT.
Abstract: The field of probiosis has emerged as a new science with applications in farming and aqaculture as alternatives to antibiotics as well as prophylactics in humans. Probiotics are being developed commercially for both human use, primarily as novel foods or dietary supplements, and in animal feeds for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, with extensive use in the poultry and aquaculture industries. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics and the inherent problems with developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternative prophylactics. Among the large number of probiotic products in use today are bacterial spore formers, mostly of the genus Bacillus. Used primarily in their spore form, these products have been shown to prevent gastrointestinal disorders and the diversity of species used and their applications are astonishing. Understanding the nature of this probiotic effect is complicated, not only because of the complexities of understanding the microbial interactions that occur within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but also because Bacillus species are considered allochthonous microorganisms. This review summarizes the commercial applications of Bacillus probiotics. A case will be made that many Bacillus species should not be considered allochthonous microorganisms but, instead, ones that have a bimodal life cycle of growth and sporulation in the environment as well as within the GIT. Specific mechanisms for how Bacillus species can inhibit gastrointestinal infections will be covered, including immunomodulation and the synthesis of antimicrobials. Finally, the safety and licensing issues that affect the use of Bacillus species for commercial development will be summarized, together with evidence showing the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case by basis.

928 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive summary of probiotics in aquaculture with special reference to mollusc culture.

756 citations


Cites background from "Enhancement of disease resistance o..."

  • ...The non-requirement of being a live culture would allow for certain suggested immunostimulants (Itami et al., 1998; Smith et al., 2003), which are bacterial derivatives, such 3 A....

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  • ...The non-requirement of being a live culture would allow for certain suggested immunostimulants (Itami et al., 1998; Smith et al., 2003), which are bacterial derivatives, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides, to be included as probiotics....

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  • ...…Alt. sp. Lagenidum callinectes (fungus) In vivo Gil-Turnes et al. (1989) Shrimp Bif. thermophilum derived peptidoglycan V. penaeicida In vivo Itami et al. (1998) Shrimp Commercial product: DMS 1000, 1100, 2000 Pond culture survival study In vivo Moriarty (1998) Shrimp B. sp. V. harveyi In…...

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  • ...Itami et al. (1998) found that addition of Bifidobacterium thermophilum derived peptidoglycan to kuruma shrimp increased significantly their survival when they were challenged with V. penaeicida....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bacillus S11 provided disease protection by activating both cellular and humoral immune defenses, as well as presumably providing competitive exclusion in the shrimp's gut.

547 citations


Cites background or result from "Enhancement of disease resistance o..."

  • ...Cell types of hemocytes, hyaline, semigranulated or granulated cells that act as a Žphagocytic function are still not known Johansson and Soderhall, 1989; Hose et al.,¨ ¨ .1990; Itami et al., 1998 ....

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  • ...Bacillus S11 cell wall peptidoglycan might Ž .elicit an immune function in shrimps Itami et al., 1998 by acting on granulocytes for higher phagocytic activity....

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  • ...This result supports the previous Ž .finding of Itami et al. 1998 where ABPC increased phagocytic hemocytes after shrimp immunity induction by peptidoglycan....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The counts of Bacillus bacteria in the digestive tract in all treatments were significantly higher than normal, and the effects of a commercial Bacillus probiotic on the digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth of Fenneropenaeus indicus were examined.

495 citations


Cites background from "Enhancement of disease resistance o..."

  • ...Bacillus surface antigens or their metabolites act as immunogens for shrimp by stimulating phagocytic activity of granulocytes (Itami et al., 1998)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Shrimp receiving the diets supplemented with probiotics showed significantly better growth performance than those fed the basal diet (Control) and the mean digestive enzyme activity of each treatment groups was significantly different.

388 citations


Cites background from "Enhancement of disease resistance o..."

  • ...These compounds and probiotics have been investigated to evaluate their usefulness as supplements against Vibrio spp. and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and for their immunostimulatory effect (Itami et al., 1998; Gullian et al., 2004)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated the effect of 2-step amplification with nested primers on the sensitivity of WSBV diagnostic PCR and found that the sensitivity was 10" to 10" times higher than that of l-step PCR.
Abstract: Whlte spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) has been found across ddferent shrimp species and in different Asian countries. The detection of WSBV in shrimp with white spot syndrome has already been achieved by means of l-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In an attempt to establish a more sensitive assay, we evaluated the effect of 2-step amplification with nested primers on the sensitivity of WSBV diagnostic PCR. The sensitivity of the 2-step amplification was 10" to 10"imes higher than that of l-step amplification. Using both techniques, we successfully detected WSBV DNA in cultured and captured shrimp, crabs and other arthropods. Cultured Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp), P. japonicus (kuruma shrimp), P penicjllatus (red tail shrimp), and Metapenaeus ensis (sand shrimp) displaying white spot syndrome were collected from farms at different localities. One-step amplification of the DNA extracted from these shrimps consistently yielded an expected 1447 bp PCR product. Some of the tested specimens of cultured Scylla serrata (mud crab) that exhibited white spot syndrome were positive in l-step WSBV diagnostic PCR, while others were positive only in 2-step WSBV diagnostic PCR. Use of the 2-step amplification protocol also detected a WSBV-specific DNA fragment in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (the giant freshwater prawn) exhibiting white spot syndrome. We also confirmed that WSBV exists in wild-caught shrimp (P monodon, f! japonicus, P semisulcatus and P penicillatus) and crabs (Charybdisferiatus. Portunuspelagicus and P. sanguinolentus) collected from the natural environment in coastal waters around southern Taiwan. Detection of WSBV in non-cultured arthropods collected from WSBV-affected shrimp farms revealed that copepods, the pest crab Hehce tndens, small pest Palaemonidae prawn and the larvae of an Ephydridae insect were reservoir hosts of WSBV. The relatedness between WSBV and Thailand's systemc ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV) is d~scussed in this paper.

592 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

501 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the course of experimental infection of Penaeus monodon wlth yellow-head virus [YHV) for virus isolation and purification, 1 batch of prawns yielded hemolymph fractions dominated by a previously undescribed non-occluded baculovirus rather than YHV, placing this virus in the family Baculoviridae, subfamily NudibacULovirinae as PmNOBII.
Abstract: In the course of experimental infection of Penaeus monodon wlth yellow-head virus [YHV) for virus isolation and purification, 1 batch of prawns yielded hemolymph fractions dominated by a previously undescribed non-occluded baculovirus rather than YHV. Injection of test shrimp with a semipurified preparation of this virus gave rapid mortality, and examination with the transmission electron microscope revealed a dual infection where cells containing the new virus dominated, but some cells containing YHV could also be seen. The tissues infected by the 2 viruses were similar. However, in contrast to YHV, the new virus was assembled completely in the nucleus and in the absence of occluding protein (polyhedrin). By normal histology, the most characteristic feature of infection was eosinophilic Cowdry A-type inclusions in hypertrophied nuclei with marginated chromatin, especially in epithelial cells of the stomach. These intranuclear inclusions became lightly basophilic in late stages of infection. In the epithelial cells of the gills, ultrastructural pathology included nuclear hypertrophy and cytoplasmic disintegration leading to large voids at lysed cell sites. By negative staining, completely assembled, enveloped virions were ellipsoid to obovate with a distinctive multifibrillar appendage and they measured 276 x 121 nm (excluding the appendage). Enveloped and unenveloped nucleocapsids were significantly different In size, indicating posslble shortening and thickening of the viral core and nucleocapsid during viral assembly. Isolation and punficat~on of the nucleic acid from the new virus yielded double-stranded DNA of approximately 168 lulo base pairs. This DNA did not cross-hybridize with DNA fragments isolated from YHV-infected shrimp or from monodon baculovirus (MBV). The features placed t h ~ s virus in the family Baculoviridae, subfamily Nudibaculovirinae as PmNOBII, but for convenience we have named it informally as Systemic Ectodermal and Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV).

465 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is confirmed that white spot syndrome associated virus (MJSSV) is a member of genus NOB (Non-Occluded Baculovirus) of the subfamily Nudibaculovirinae of Baculviridae and proposed the use of WSBV (BacULovirus associated with White Spot syndrome) to indicate PmNOBIII related agents.
Abstract: The causative viral agent was purified from diseased shrimp Penaeus monodon with white spot syndrome. Negatively stained preparations show that the virus is pleiomorphic. It is fusiform or rod-shaped. In negatively stained preparations, the virion measures 70 to 150 nm at its broadest point and is 250 to 380 nm long. In some virions, a tail-like projection extends from one end. The capsid is apparently composed of rings of subunits in a stacked series. The rings are aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the capsid. The genome of the virus is a double-stranded DNA molecule which produces at least 22 Hind 111 fragments. The full length of the DNA is estimated to be longer than 150 kbp. Based on the morphological characteristics and genomic structures of the virus, we confirm that white spot syndrome associated virus (MJSSV) is a member of genus NOB (Non-Occluded Baculovirus) of the subfamily Nudibaculovirinae of Baculoviridae, name the present isolate PmNOBIII, and propose the use of WSBV (Baculovirus associated with White Spot syndrome) to indicate PmNOBIII related agents.

357 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An insoluble polysaccharide from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called M-Glucan, has been shown to enhance the non-specific disease resistance of Atlantic salmon when injected intraperitoneally.
Abstract: . An insoluble polysaccharide from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called M-Glucan, has been shown to enhance the non-specific disease resistance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., when injected intraperitoneally. M-Glucan consists only of glucose units which presumably are linked through β-1,3 and β-1,6 linkages. Enhanced resistance was demonstrated against Yersinia ruckeri, the causal agent of enteric redmouth disease, against Vibrio anguillarum, the causal agent of classical vibriosis and against Vibrio salmonicida, which causes cold water vibriosis or ‘Hitra-disease’ in salmon. At a dose of 2mg M-Glucan per fish (20g mean weight), maximal resistance developed in the fish 3 weeks after injection. Injection of different glucan doses and challenge one week later with Vibrio anguillarum, showed that 50-200μg glucan per fish resulted in the highest level of resistance. The level of resistance in Atlantic salmon obtained with M-Glucan was strikingly higher than that obtained with another glucan which was prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a different procedure.

293 citations