Enrichment of Organic Carbon in Sediment Transport by Interrill and Rill Erosion Processes
Summary (2 min read)
Interrill Erosion Experiments
- The soil was air dried and ground (<8 mm) before use in the experiments.
- The experiments were done using two different kinds of rainfall simulators to have a wider range of rainfall intensities and rainfall kinetic energies.
- The calculation of the rainfall kinetic energy was based on the normal velocity of raindrop impact.
- The runoff sampled at the end of the experiment was used to determine the OC content in the sediment.
Rill Erosion Experiments Rill Experiment 1: Addition of Water to a Preformed Erodible Gully
- An artifi cial V-shaped rill was made with slopes of 30% at both sides.
- Runoff volume was measured and analyzed for sediment content every 60 s for the low discharge and every 30 s for the high discharge.
- At the end of the experiment, one more runoff sample was taken to determine OC content.
- At the end of the experiments, the rill width was measured for calculation of the sediment discharge per unit width.
Rill Experiment 2: Addition of Water and Sediment to a Preformed Erodible Gully
- A similar setup (same slopes and soil pan confi guration) was also used with dry soil aggregates (<2 mm) added to the water infl ow, resulting in an average input sediment concentration of 163 g L −1 .
- Sampling and measurements were done following the same procedure as described above.
Rill Experiment 3: Rainfall Simulation on a Preformed Erodible Gully
- An analogous experiment was done using the same soil pan confi guration, but neither water nor sediment was added to the rill.
- Kinetic energy of the rainfall was measured using the splash-cup technique.
- At the end of the experiment, one more runoff sample was taken to determine OC content.
- At the end of the experiments, the rill width was measured for calculation of sediment discharge per unit width.
Analysis of Samples and Data
- The sediment concentration of the runoff samples was determined by drying (at 105°C), using tared recipients.
- The OC content was determined using the method of Walkley and Black (1934) .
- The minimally dispersed particle-size distribution was obtained in a similar way without chemically dispersing the samples.
- After wet sieving for 5 min, the MWD of the resulting aggregate size distribution was determined.
- Analysis of variance and regression analysis were done using the statistical software SPSS Version 11.0.1 (SPSS, 2001) .
Interrill Erosion
- Higher sediment transport rates will decrease the selectivity of the erosion process, as larger aggregates and particles are also transported.
- The ER OC values measured by Jacinthe et al. (2002) seem to be slightly lower than expected based on their observations.
- These fi ndings indicate that relationships between ER and soil loss may vary not only for various soil types but also across different soil loss ranges.
- Andreu et al. (1994) measured soil and nutrient losses on fi eld plots under natural rainfall and observed that, with respect to the texture of the suspended sediment, all plots showed enrichment in clay.
- This was also observed by Schiettecatte (2006) for the OC content and textural composition of different aggregate classes, which had been separated by dry sieving the same soil used in their study.
CONCLUSIONS
- Rill erosion was found to be unselective, while ER OC values for interrill erosion decreased from 2.6 toward 1 as the erosion rate increased.
- The enrichment process was not infl uenced by raindrop impact or "aggregate stripping.".
- The trend in ER OC values indicated that the intensity of the erosion pro- cess has to be taken into account.
- Relating the ER OC to the OC content of the soil or to the total soil loss, expressed as mass per area, also does not take into account the infl uence of erosion intensity on OC enrichment.
- The use of an average soil loss masks the variation in erosion rates occurring during runoff events and is therefore not a suitable variable to predict enrichment ratios and losses of OC.
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Cites methods from "Enrichment of Organic Carbon in Sed..."
...A range of enrichment ratios were reviewed (Zheng et al., 2005; Sharpley, 1980; Ali et al., 2006; Schiettecatte et al., 2008) and used to develop the enrichment ratios used here (N = 1.37; P = 2.15; K = 2.90; organic carbon = 1.56)....
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...A range of enrichment ratios were reviewed (Zheng et al., 2005; Sharpley, 1980; Ali et al., 2006; Schiettecatte et al., 2008) and used to develop the enrichment ratios used here (N = 1....
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136 citations
Cites background from "Enrichment of Organic Carbon in Sed..."
...They are more easily transported by erosion, especially by interrill erosion (Schiettecatte et al., 2008), which is the erosion type that the system of plots used in this study is capable of measuring....
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121 citations
References
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"Enrichment of Organic Carbon in Sed..." refers methods in this paper
...Furthermore, qs is commonly used in sediment transport equations, relating runoff to erosion (e.g., Nearing et al., 1997)....
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Frequently Asked Questions (15)
Q2. How long did the rainfall simulation experiment last?
The rainfall simulation experiments lasted for 30 min, with a rainfall intensity of 70 mm h−1 and a rainfall kinetic energy of 0.035 J m−2 s−1 for conditions in which one nozzle was used.
Q3. What is the main mechanism in nutrient enrichment of eroded particles?
Ghadiri and Rose (1991a) found that “stripping” of soil aggregates was the main mechanism in nutrient enrichment of eroded particles in the case of a well-aggregated soil.
Q4. What is the effect of higher sediment transport rates on the erosion process?
Higher sediment transport rates will decrease the selectivity of the erosion process, as larger aggregates and particles are also transported.
Q5. How was the rainfall kinetic energy determined?
When two nozzles were used (at 1-m distance from each other), an intensity of 120 mm h−1 with a rainfall kinetic energy of 0.079 J m−2 s−1 was applied for 20 min.
Q6. What is the way to remove organic matter from soil?
Soil losses by overland fl ow can remove a signifi cant por-tion of biologically active organic matter, because a large part of the organic matter is located on or near the soil surface.
Q7. How was the kinetic energy of the rain on the soil surface calculated?
The kinetic energy of the rain on the soil surface, Ek (J m−2 s−1), was calculated by multiplying the kinetic energy of the rain (J m−2 s−1) by the fraction of uncovered soil surface (m2 m−2).
Q8. How was the OC content determined using the method of Walkley and Black?
Because this method yields, on average, 75% of the total OC, the results of the analysis were divided by 0.75 to obtain the total OC content (De Leenheer and Van Hove, 1958).
Q9. How did Young et al. (1986) observe an increase in EROC with decreasing?
Using fi eld rainfall simulations on silt loam and loamy soils, Young et al. (1986) observed an increase in EROC with decreasing soil loss: EROC values varied between 1.41 and 2.21 for a soil loss range of 7.32 to 20.58 Mg ha−1.
Q10. What is the EROC value for a sandy loam soil?
For a sandy loam soil, Cogle et al. (2002) reported EROC values between 1.3 and 4.1, with larger variations in EROC at low sediment yields.
Q11. What is the reason for the lower EROC in the covered plots?
This may be attributed to the lower soil losses from the covered plots, being less than half of the soil losses from the bare plots.
Q12. What is the correlation between the qs and the EROC?
The hence obtained regression equation, which was signifi cant at the 0.01 level despite the rather low r value (r = 0.574), wasEROC = 0.455 qs -0.123[1] where EROC is the enrichment ratio of OC and qs is unit sediment discharge (kg s−1 m−1).
Q13. Why was the rainfall simulation used with capillary tubes?
Because the median diameter of the raindrops produced by the nozzles was only 1 mm, the kinetic energy of the raindrops was much lower than the simulator with the capillary tubes.
Q14. What was the rainfall intensity of the suspended sediment?
Rainfall simulations at 40 mm h−1 indicated that the ER of the suspended sediment reached a steady state when sediment discharge became constant (Schiettecatte, 2006).
Q15. What is the reason for using a long-term ER in models that assess soil loss?
the applicability of an ER in models that assess soil loss on a long-term (annual) basis can be questioned, especially if the runoff events for a longer period show large variations in erosion intensities.