Enteric neuroimmune interactions coordinate intestinal responses in health and disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how the enteric nervous system (ENS) can regulate and be regulated by immune responses and how such interactions control whole tissue physiology, and address the requirements for the proper regeneration of the ENS and restoration of GI function following the resolution of infection.
About: This article is published in Mucosal Immunology.The article was published on 2021-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 29 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Enteric nervous system & Immune system.
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TL;DR: The aim of the present article is to review the 5-HT receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to determine the role of serotonin in GI physiology and pathology, including known GI diseases and the role in GI pharmacotherapy.
Abstract: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is a neurotransmitter in both the central nervous system and peripheral structures, acting also as a hormone in platelets. Although its concentration in the gut covers >90% of all organism resources, serotonin is mainly known as a neurotransmitter that takes part in the pathology of mental diseases. Serotonin modulates not only CNS neurons, but also pain transmission and platelet aggregation. In the periphery, 5-HT influences muscle motility in the gut, bronchi, uterus, and vessels directly and through neurons. Serotonin synthesis starts from hydroxylation of orally delivered tryptophan, followed by decarboxylation. Serotonin acts via numerous types of receptors and clinically plays a role in several neural, mental, and other chronic disorders, such as migraine, carcinoid syndrome, and some dysfunctions of the alimentary system. 5-HT acts as a paracrine hormone and growth factor. 5-HT receptors in both the brain and gut are targets for drugs modifying serotonin neurotransmission. The aim of the present article is to review the 5-HT receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to determine the role of serotonin in GI physiology and pathology, including known GI diseases and the role of serotonin in GI pharmacotherapy.
21 citations
TL;DR: The colonization of GF mice activated small intestinal eosinophils as mentioned in this paper , which led to the activation of colonized mice in response to microbes regulated villous size alterations, macrophage maturation, epithelial barrier integrity and intestinal transit.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion, and how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function.
Abstract: Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of numbers of the structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and waters occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss (i) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion, and (ii) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors showed that perturbation of enteric neurons leads to gut dysbiosis through α1,2-fucosylation in the steady state and results in increased susceptibility to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD).
8 citations
TL;DR: The role of EGCs in intestinal immunity and tissue homeostasis was reviewed in this article , where the role of the non-neuronal cells of the enteric nervous system was investigated.
8 citations
References
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TL;DR: This analysis updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in the body is actually of the same order as the numberof human cells, and their total mass is about 0.2 kg.
Abstract: Reported values in the literature on the number of cells in the body differ by orders of magnitude and are very seldom supported by any measurements or calculations. Here, we integrate the most up-to-date information on the number of human and bacterial cells in the body. We estimate the total number of bacteria in the 70 kg "reference man" to be 3.8·1013. For human cells, we identify the dominant role of the hematopoietic lineage to the total count (≈90%) and revise past estimates to 3.0·1013 human cells. Our analysis also updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in the body is actually of the same order as the number of human cells, and their total mass is about 0.2 kg.
3,166 citations
TL;DR: The structural similarities and functional differences between regions may have an evolutionary basis and the physiological control of enteric neurons and development of function is studied.
1,131 citations
TL;DR: Increased EC, T lymphocytes, and gut permeability are acute changes following Campylobacter enteritis which can persist for more than a year and may contribute to PD-IBS.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS Post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome (PD-IBS) develops in up to 25% of patients following Campylobacter enteritis. Our aim was to define the pathological basis of this subgroup of IBS. METHODS Twenty one patients (group 1) underwent serial rectal biopsy and gut permeability testing following acute Campylobacter enteritis as did 10 PD-IBS patients (group 2) and 12 asymptomatic controls. RESULTS In group 1, enteroendocrine cell (EC) numbers were markedly increased initially and at six and 12 weeks (p r =0.6, p=0.01). At one year, seven subjects (five with persistent loose stools) had rectal biopsies which showed significantly elevated EC, CD3, and IEL counts. In group 2, EC and IEL counts were significantly increased compared with controls (p CONCLUSION Increased EC, T lymphocytes, and gut permeability are acute changes following Campylobacter enteritis which can persist for more than a year and may contribute to PD-IBS.
1,123 citations
TL;DR: The anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines are detailed, and it is suggested how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine.
Abstract: The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
1,094 citations
TL;DR: This Review provides a broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology, with a focus on the roles of the ENS in the control of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and transmucosal fluid movement.
Abstract: Neurogastroenterology is defined as neurology of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, gallbladder and pancreas and encompasses control of digestion through the enteric nervous system (ENS), the central nervous system (CNS) and integrative centers in sympathetic ganglia. This Review provides a broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology, with a focus on the roles of the ENS in the control of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and transmucosal fluid movement. Digestion is controlled through the integration of multiple signals from the ENS and CNS; neural signals also pass between distinct gut regions to coordinate digestive activity. Moreover, neural and endocrine control of digestion is closely coordinated. Interestingly, the extent to which the ENS or CNS controls digestion differs considerably along the digestive tract. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of certain ENS neuropathies, including Hirschsprung disease and Chagas disease. Other ENS disorders, such as esophageal achalasia and gastroparesis, cause varying degrees of dysfunction. The neurons in enteric reflex pathways use a wide range of chemical messengers that signal through an even wider range of receptors. These receptors provide many actual and potential targets for modifying digestive function.
1,080 citations