Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated possible tolerance mechanisms preventing neuronal loss and disruption in gut motility after pathogen exposure, and found that following enteric infections, muscularis macrophages acquire a tissue-protective phenotype that prevents neuronal loss, dysmotility, and maintains energy balance during subsequent challenge with unrelated pathogens.
About: This article is published in Cell.The article was published on 2021-11-11 and is currently open access. It has received 36 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neuroprotection & Enteric nervous system.
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TL;DR: The ontogeny of a macrophage, beyond its fundamental derivation as either embryonically or bone marrow-derived, but rather inclusive of the course of its differentiation, constitutes a critical piece of information about its contribution to homeostasis or the progression of disease as mentioned in this paper .
39 citations
TL;DR: The definition of gastrointestinal involvement in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, its frequency and its pathophysiology are still not completely understood as discussed by the authors , but emerging evidence supporting immunological signatures and the unique nature of the gastrointestinal tract in this syndrome are discussed.
Abstract: The definition of gastrointestinal involvement in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, its frequency and its pathophysiology are still not completely understood. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence supporting immunological signatures and the unique nature of the gastrointestinal tract in this syndrome.
34 citations
TL;DR: The role of macrophages in inflammatory conditions such as infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and postoperative ileus is discussed in this article , highlighting the roles of macophages in immune defense.
15 citations
TL;DR: The colonization of GF mice activated small intestinal eosinophils as mentioned in this paper , which led to the activation of colonized mice in response to microbes regulated villous size alterations, macrophage maturation, epithelial barrier integrity and intestinal transit.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focus on the new discoveries of the cells and cytokines involved in tissue specific immune responses to helminths and how these contribute to host immunity against helminth infection and allow the host to accommodate the presence of parasites when they cannot be eliminated.
10 citations
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TL;DR: The notion of disease tolerance has been introduced into the conceptual tool kit of immunology as discussed by the authors, which will expand our understanding of infectious diseases and host pathogen interactions. But, it has not yet been applied to human studies.
Abstract: The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating the invading pathogens; however, the host organism can also protect itself from infectious diseases by reducing the negative impact of infections on host fitness. This ability to tolerate a pathogen's presence is a distinct host defense strategy, which has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. Introduction of the notion of "disease tolerance" into the conceptual tool kit of immunology will expand our understanding of infectious diseases and host pathogen interactions. Analysis of disease tolerance mechanisms should provide new approaches for the treatment of infections and other diseases.
1,336 citations
Aix-Marseille University1, Cornell University2, Washington University in St. Louis3, Charité4, French Institute of Health and Medical Research5, Pasteur Institute6, Keio University7, University of California, San Francisco8, Laboratory of Molecular Biology9, VU University Amsterdam10, University of Oxford11, University of Amsterdam12
TL;DR: The advances in ILC biology over the past decade are distill the advances to refine the nomenclature of ILCs and highlight the importance of I LCs in tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism, repair, and regeneration.
1,252 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that eosinophils are the major IL-4–expressing cells in white adipose tissues of mice, and, in their absence, AAMs are greatly attenuated.
Abstract: Eosinophils are associated with helminth immunity and allergy, often in conjunction with alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Adipose tissue AAMs are necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis and are induced by the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Here, we show that eosinophils are the major IL-4-expressing cells in white adipose tissues of mice, and, in their absence, AAMs are greatly attenuated. Eosinophils migrate into adipose tissue by an integrin-dependent process and reconstitute AAMs through an IL-4- or IL-13-dependent process. Mice fed a high-fat diet develop increased body fat, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in the absence of eosinophils, and helminth-induced adipose tissue eosinophilia enhances glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that eosinophils play an unexpected role in metabolic homeostasis through maintenance of adipose AAMs.
1,198 citations
TL;DR: This Review provides a broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology, with a focus on the roles of the ENS in the control of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and transmucosal fluid movement.
Abstract: Neurogastroenterology is defined as neurology of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, gallbladder and pancreas and encompasses control of digestion through the enteric nervous system (ENS), the central nervous system (CNS) and integrative centers in sympathetic ganglia. This Review provides a broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology, with a focus on the roles of the ENS in the control of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and transmucosal fluid movement. Digestion is controlled through the integration of multiple signals from the ENS and CNS; neural signals also pass between distinct gut regions to coordinate digestive activity. Moreover, neural and endocrine control of digestion is closely coordinated. Interestingly, the extent to which the ENS or CNS controls digestion differs considerably along the digestive tract. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of certain ENS neuropathies, including Hirschsprung disease and Chagas disease. Other ENS disorders, such as esophageal achalasia and gastroparesis, cause varying degrees of dysfunction. The neurons in enteric reflex pathways use a wide range of chemical messengers that signal through an even wider range of receptors. These receptors provide many actual and potential targets for modifying digestive function.
1,080 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that serum IL-5 levels are maintained by long-lived type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) resident in peripheral tissues, and this dissociated regulation can be tuned by nutrient intake and central circadian rhythms.
Abstract: Eosinophils are specialized myeloid cells associated with allergy and helminth infections. Blood eosinophils demonstrate circadian cycling, as described over 80 years ago, and are abundant in the healthy gastrointestinal tract. Although a cytokine, interleukin (IL)-5, and chemokines such as eotaxins mediate eosinophil development and survival, and tissue recruitment, respectively, the processes underlying the basal regulation of these signals remain unknown. Here we show that serum IL-5 levels are maintained by long-lived type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) resident in peripheral tissues. ILC2 cells secrete IL-5 constitutively and are induced to co-express IL-13 during type 2 inflammation, resulting in localized eotaxin production and eosinophil accumulation. In the small intestine where eosinophils and eotaxin are constitutive, ILC2 cells co-express IL-5 and IL-13; this co-expression is enhanced after caloric intake. The circadian synchronizer vasoactive intestinal peptide also stimulates ILC2 cells through the VPAC2 receptor to release IL-5, linking eosinophil levels with metabolic cycling. Tissue ILC2 cells regulate basal eosinophilopoiesis and tissue eosinophil accumulation through constitutive and stimulated cytokine expression, and this dissociated regulation can be tuned by nutrient intake and central circadian rhythms.
830 citations