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Journal Article

Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics

01 Apr 2014-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 2, Iss: 2, pp 1-7
TL;DR: Insect’s immune responses as melanization, lysozyme level and phenoloxidase (PO) modify the physiology and morphological behavior against different factors like diets, gases and chemicals, which influence the insects and their population dynamics.
Abstract: Insects are powerful and rapid adaptive organisms with high fecundity rate and short life cycle. Due to human interruption in agro-ecosystem and global climatic variations are disturbing the insect ecosystem. Erosion of natural habitats, urbanization, pollution and use of chemicals in agroecosystem manifold the intensity of environmental variations. Both a-biotic (temperature, humidity, light) and biotic (host, vegetative biodiversity, crowding and diets) stresses significantly influence theinsects and their population dynamics. In response to these factors insect may prolong their metamorphic stages, survival and rate of multiplication. Insect’s immune responses as melanization,lysozyme level and phenoloxidase (PO) modify the physiology and morphological behavior against rndifferent factors like diets, gases and chemicals.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Integrated pest management for web-based decision support systems is reviewed, finding that principles of integrated pest management are compatible with sustainable agriculture.
Abstract: Sustainable pest management implies less pesticide use and replacement by safe control alternatives. This requires decision support for rational pest management. However, in practice, successful decision making is dependent upon the availability of integrated, high-quality information. Computer-aided forecasting and related decision support systems make pest control more sustainable by avoiding unwanted consequences of pesticide applications. Here, I review integrated pest management for web-based decision support systems. The major points are the following: (1) Principles of integrated pest management are compatible with sustainable agriculture. (2) Pest models serve as basis of decision making because they offer means to predict the exact time of pest phenological development and initiate management actions. Most models are climate driven. (3) New hardware technology has permitted the registration of automatically recorded climatic data. This data can be combined with pest models through logical operations and forecasting algorithms to develop a software of pest management. (4) Dynamic web interfaces can serve as decision support systems providing the user with real-time pest warnings and recommendations for management actions. (5) Ontology web programing and semantic knowledge representations provide a way to classify and describe agrodata to facilitate information sharing and data exploitation over distributed systems. (6) Most available pest management data is published on static web pages and, thus, cannot be classified as decision support systems. Some web-based decision support systems provide user-interactive content and real-time pest forecasts and management support.

53 citations


Cites background from "Environmental effects on insects an..."

  • ...More complex simulationmodels may additional include the life cycle of the host crop, the feast of the pest agents to distance crops as well as the influence of several other biotic and abiotic factors (Andrade-Piedra et al. 2005; Kaundal et al. 2006; Cairns et al. 2008; Khaliq et al. 2014)....

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  • ...From a programmer’s standpoint, this implies the development of a set of rules that precisely define a sequence of operations in a specific order (Khaliq et al. 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study have two major implications: (i) that these traits likely co‐evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species.
Abstract: Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed 'cross-tolerance'. The nature and magnitude of cross-tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross-tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross-tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax ) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross-tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross-resistant than CTmax ). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co-evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross-tolerance.

41 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Diesel exhaust exposure decreased honey bees’ ability to learn and recall a conditioned odour stimulus and affected A. mellifera in a way that reduced their ability to survive a second subsequent stressor.
Abstract: For effective foraging, many insect pollinators rely on the ability to learn and recall floral odours, behaviours that are associated with a complex suite of cellular processes. Here, we investigated how acute exposure to a high-dose of diesel exhaust (containing 19.8 and 17.5 ppm of NO and NO2, respectively) affected associative learning behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and expression of a ubiquitous heat shock protein, HSP70, in their central nervous system (CNS). To determine whether exposure to diesel exhaust would alter their tolerance to a subsequent abiotic stress, we further subjected individuals to heat stress. Diesel exhaust exposure decreased honey bees’ ability to learn and recall a conditioned odour stimulus. Whilst there was no significant difference in CNS HSP70 expression between honey bees exposed to either diesel exhaust or clean air across the entire duration of the experiment (3.5 h), there was a significant effect of time and a significant interaction between exposure treatment and time. This interaction was investigated using correlation analyses, which demonstrated that only in the diesel exhaust exposed honey bees was there a significant positive correlation between HSP70 expression and time. Furthermore, there was a 44% reduction in honey bee individuals that were able to recall the odour 72 h after diesel exposure compared with clean air control individuals. Moreover, diesel exhaust affected A. mellifera in a way that reduced their ability to survive a second subsequent stressor. Such negative effects of air pollution on learning, recall, and stress tolerance has potential to reduce foraging efficiency and pollination success of individual honey bees.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that IPM is an effective strategy for obtaining high rice yields in sustainable rice agro-ecosystems and prophylactic insecticide application and current management practices on rice yield.
Abstract: Recently, recognition of negative environmental impacts associated with overuse of pesticides in the agricultural regions of Bangladesh has made it clear that unsustainable pest-control strategies must change. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was developed for use as a tool in the production of healthy, sustainably grown food. A strategic approach to crop-pest control, IPM aims to minimize pest populations by combining environmentally friendly pest-control methods and economically viable farming practices. This study examined the impact of IPM on insect damage to crop-yield parameters in a rice agro-ecosystem. IPM methods tested were: 1) collection of egg masses; 2) sweeping (using a funnel shaped net to capture insects); 3) perching (installing a branch or pole which serves as a resting place for predatory birds); and 4) Economic Threshold Level (ETL) based insecticide application (The ETL is the point at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest). We also examined the effects of prophylactic insecticide application and current management practices on rice yield. Rice-yield indicators included number of healthy tillers, number of hills, central leaf drying (Dead Heart), and grain-less panicles (White Head). For two consecutive years, the lowest percentages of Dead Heart (1.23 and 1.55) and White Head (2.06) were found in the IPM-treated plots. Further, the IPM-treated plots had higher yields (7.3-7.5 ton/ha) compared with the non-IPM treatments (6.28-7.02 ton/ha). The location of the plots appeared to be non-significant for all measured yield components. The effect of treatment on the percentage of Dead Heart, White Head, number of hills, and yield was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). We concluded that IPM is an effective strategy for obtaining high rice yields in sustainable rice agro-ecosystems.

29 citations


Cites background from "Environmental effects on insects an..."

  • ...The degree of damage depends on the growing season and environmental conditions (Khaliq et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of maize harvesting and handling practices of smallholder farmers on the quality of the produce before, and during storage in two contrasting agro-locations were monitored.

27 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results emphasize the wide range of species-specific responses to fragmentation, the need for understanding of behavioral mechanisms affecting these responses, and the potential for changing responses to frag- mentation over time.
Abstract: Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the root causes of many conservation problems. We conducted a literature survey and canvassed the ecological community to identify experimental studies of terrestrial habitat fragmentation and to determine whether consistent themes were emerging from these studies. Our survey revealed 20 fragmentation experiments worldwide. Most studies focused on effects of fragmentation on species richness or on the abundance(s) ofparticular species. Other important themes were the effect offragmentation in interspecific interactions, the role of corridors and landscape connectivity in in- dividual movements and species richness, and the influences of edge effects on ecosystem services. Our com- parisons showed a remarkable lack of consistency in results across studies, especially with regard to species richness and abundance relative to fragment size. Experiments with arthropods showed the best fit with the- oretical expectations of greater species richness on larger fragments. Highly mobile taxa such as birds and mammals, early-successional plant species, long-lived species, and generalist predators did not respond in the "expected" manner. Reasons for these discrepancies included edge effects, competitive release in the habitat fragments, and the spati.al scale of the experiments. One of the more consistently supported hypotheses was that movement and species richness are positively affected by corridors and connectivity, respectively. Tran- sient effects dominated many systems;,for example, crowding of individuals on fragments commonly was ob- served afterfragmentation, followed by a relaxation toward lower abundance in subsequentyears. The three long-term studies (?14 years) revealed strong patterns that would have been missed in short-term investiga- tions. Our results emphasize the wide range of species-specific responses to fragmentation, the need for eluci- dation of behavioral mechanisms affecting these responses, and the potentialfor changing responses to frag- mentation over time.

1,398 citations


"Environmental effects on insects an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Response of crowding for an individual and whole insect population can be positive and negative [37]....

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  • ...Resultantly fragmentation enhances the immigration flow to patches aggregately increasing population density [26; 37]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed to be a non-self recognition system because conversion of prophenoloxidase to active enzyme can be brought about by minuscule amounts of molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and beta-1, 3-glucans from micro-organisms.

1,313 citations


"Environmental effects on insects an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Conclusively energetic cost of immunity as well as immune response was significantly affected by environmental temperature [55, 13]....

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  • ...Its concentration in the environment range from 40-3000 ng L-1 present in ground water, drinking water, treated effluent and streams has been reported around all over the world [17; 55; 48]....

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  • ...Flight can affect egg mass due to changing in water contents [55, 24]....

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  • ...level of carbohydrate affect the activity of phenoloxidase [54, 55]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review concentrates on material published from 1 984 to 1987 and examines two of the best sources of evidence on the impact of insect feeding on plant population dynamics: the release of specialist insect herbivores against target weed species in classical.
Abstract: It is one thing to show that herbivorous insects affect plant performance. It is an entirely different matter to demonstrate that insect herbivory affects plant population dynamics. There is a vast literature on insect pests of crop plants that shows how attack by defoliating, sucking, stem-mining, and gall-forming species can delay seed ripening, reduce seed production and individual seed weights, reduce the rates of shoot and root growth, increase the susceptibility of plants to disease, and reduce the competitive ability of plants relative to their un attacked neighbors. This literature tells us virtually nothing, however, about the importance of insects in natural communities, chiefly because we have so little information on the regulation of plant populations in the wild. For example, we do not know whether plant recruitment is seed limited , so we cannot predict whether there would be an increase in plant numbers if the simple experiment of sowing extra seeds were carried out. Information on the nature of population regulation is vital because if plant recruitment is not seed limited, then insects that reduce seed production will not have an important effect on plant population dynamics. This review concentrates on material published from 1 984 to 1987. Earlier material has been covered in other reviews (36, 64, 70, 94, 1 07, 12 1 , 1 82, 206) . The first part examines the impact of insect feeding on different aspects of plant performance. The second part examines two of the best sources of evidence on the impact of insect feeding on plant population dynamics: (a) the release of specialist insect herbivores against target weed species in classical

676 citations


"Environmental effects on insects an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...All edible things have not high quality to support the herbivore population [18]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In insects, it is not only changes in mean environmental temperature and growing season length that are important, but also their responses to environmental extremes as discussed by the authors, with extremes of temperature, rates of temperature change, the numbers of freeze-thaw transitions, climatic unpredictability and the state of the surrounding microhabitat being important factors determining the cold tolerance strategy adopted by an insect.
Abstract: Modern climate change has precipitated widespread interest in the responses of organisms to the thermal environment. In insects, it is not only changes in mean environmental temperature and growing season length that are important, but also their responses to environmental extremes. Much is now known about the ways in which insects cope with the ice–water threshold, and with the low temperatures that precede it. Recent work has demonstrated a diversity of physiological responses to cooling and freezing in insects, with extremes of temperature, rates of temperature change, the numbers of freeze–thaw transitions, climatic unpredictability and the state of the surrounding microhabitat being important factors determining the cold tolerance strategy adopted by an insect. Insect low temperature biology now integrates techniques ranging from laboratory-based functional genomics to climatology, making it not only intrinsically fascinating, but also of considerable relevance to investigations of the biological implications of climate change.

423 citations


"Environmental effects on insects an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In scientific literature considerable research has been made to check the physiological behavioral response of insect against a-biotic factors [53]....

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  • ...It can change the chemical ingredients and causing dehydration of the cells or maintaining body fluids keeping liquids below melting point [53]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1989-Oikos

411 citations


"Environmental effects on insects an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Elevation in immune responses or arthropods is in a result of high rate of population [35; 62]....

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Trending Questions (3)
What are the effects of insects on the environment?

The provided paper is about the effects of environmental factors on insects and their population dynamics. It does not specifically discuss the effects of insects on the environment.

What are the effects of environmenta on scavenging insects?

The provided paper does not specifically mention the effects of environmental factors on scavenging insects. The paper focuses on the effects of environmental variations on insects in general, including factors such as temperature, humidity, light, host biodiversity, and diets.

How do humans affect insects?

Humans affect insects through activities such as habitat destruction, urbanization, pollution, and the use of chemicals in agriculture, which disrupts their ecosystem and population dynamics.