Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology
About: This article is published in Environmental Earth Sciences.The article was published on 2003-02-01. It has received 1077 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Environmental isotopes.
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23 Apr 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between Karst and general geomorphology and Hydrogeology and discuss the development of Karst underground systems, and present a detailed analysis of these systems.
Abstract: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO KARST. 1.1 Definitions. 1.2 The Relationship Between Karst And General Geomorphology And Hydrogeology. 1.3 The Global Distribution Of Karst. 1.4 The Growth Of Ideas. 1.5 Aims Of The Book. 1.6 Karst Terminology. CHAPTER 2. THE KARST ROCKS. 2.1 Carbonate Rocks And Minerals. 2.2 Limestone Compositions And Depositional Facies. 2.3 Limestone Diagenesis And The Formation Of Dolomite. 2.4 The Evaporite Rocks. 2.5. Quartzites And Siliceous Sandstones. 2.6 Effects Of Lithologic Properties Upon Karst Development. 2.7 Interbedded Clastic Rocks. 2.8 Bedding Planes, Joints, Faults And Fracture Traces. 2.9 Fold Topography. 2.10 Paleokarst Unconformities. CHAPTER 3. DISSOLUTION: CHEMICAL AND KINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE KARST ROCKS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Aqueous Solutions And Chemical Equilibria. 3.3 The Dissolution Of Anhydrite, Gypsum And Salt. 3.4 The Dissolution Of Silica. 3.5 Bicarbonate Equilibria And The Dissolution Of Carbonate Rocks In Normal Meteoric Waters. 3.6 The S-O-H System And The Dissolution Of Carbonate Rocks. 3.7 Chemical Complications In Carbonate Dissolution. 3.8 Biokarst Processes. 3.9 Measurements In The Field And Lab Computer Programs. 3.10 Dissolution And Precipitation Kinetics Of Karst Rocks. CHAPTER 4. DISTRIBUTION AND RATE OF KARST DENUDATION. 4.1 Global Variations In The Solutional Denudation Of Carbonate Terrains. 4.2 Measurement And Calculation Of Solutional Denudation Rates. 4.3 Solution Rates In Gypsum, Salt And Other Non-Carbonate Rocks. 4.4 Interpretation Of Measurements. CHAPTER 5. KARST HYDROLOGY. 5.1 Basic Hydrological Concepts, Terms And Definitions. 5.2 Controls On The Development Of Karst Hydrologic Systems. 5.3 Energy Supply And Flow Network Development. 5.4 Development Of The Water Table And Phreatic Zones. 5.5 Development Of The Vadose Zone. 5.6 Classification And Characteristics Of Karst Aquifers. 5.7 Applicability Of Darcy's Law To Karst. 5.8 The Fresh Water/Salt Water Interface. CHAPTER 6. ANALYSIS OF KARST DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. 6.1 The 'Grey Box' Nature Of Karst. 6.2 Surface Exploration And Survey Techniques. 6.3 Investigating Recharge And Percolation In The Vadose Zone. 6.4 Borehole Analysis. 6.5 Spring Hydrograph Analysis. 6.6 Polje Hydrograph Analysis. 6.7 Spring Chemograph Interpretation. 6.8 Storage Volumes And Flow Routing Under Different States Of The Hydrograph. 6.9 Interpreting The Organisation Of A Karst Aquifer. 6.10 Water Tracing Techniques. 6.11 Computer Modelling Of Karst Aquifers. CHAPTER 7. SPELEOGENESIS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAVE SYSTEMS. 7.1 Classifying Cave Systems. 7.2 Building The Plan Patterns Of Unconfined Caves. 7.3 Unconfined Cave Development In Length And Depth. 7.4 System Modifications Occurring Within A Single Phase. 7.5 Multi-Phase Cave Systems. 7.6 Meteoric Water Caves Developed Where There Is Confined Circulation Or Basal Injection Of Water. 7.7 Hypogene Caves: (A) Hydrothermal Caves Associated Chiefly With Co2. 7.8 Hypogene Caves: (B) Caves Formed By Waters Containing H2s. 7.9 Sea Coast Eogenetic Caves. 7.10 Passage Cross-Sections And Smaller Features Of Erosional Morphology. 7.11 Condensation, Condensation Corrosion, And Weathering In Caves. 7.12 Breakdown In Caves. CHAPTER 8. CAVE INTERIOR DEPOSITS. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Clastic Sediments. 8.3 Calcite, Aragonite And Other Carbonate Precipitates. 8.4 Other Cave Minerals. 8.5 Ice In Caves. 8.6 Dating Of Calcite Speleothems And Other Cave Deposits. 8.7 Paleo-Environmental Analysis Of Calcite Speleothems. 8.8 Mass Flux Through A Cave System: The Example Of Friar's Hole, W.Va. CHAPTER 9. KARST LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT IN HUMID REGIONS. 9.1 Coupled Hydrological And Geochemical Systems. 9.2 Small Scale Solution Sculpture - Microkarren And Karren. 9.3 Dolines - The 'Diagnostic' Karst Landform? 9.4 The Origin And Development Of Solution Dolines. 9.5 The Origin Of Collapse And Subsidence Depressions. 9.6 Polygonal Karst. 9.7 Morphometric Analysis Of Solution Dolines. 9.8 Landforms Associated With Allogenic Inputs. 9.9 Karst Poljes. 9.10 Corrosional Plains And Shifts In Baselevel. 9.11 Residual Hills On Karst Plains. 9.12 Depositional And Constructional Karst Features. 9.13 Special Features Of Evaporite Terrains. 9.14 Karstic Features Of Quartzose And Other Rocks. 9.15 Sequences Of Carbonate Karst Evolution In Humid Terrains. CHAPTER 10.THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CHANGE AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON KARST DEVELOPMENT. 10.1 The Precepts Of Climatic Geomorphology. 10.2 The Hot Arid Extreme. 10.3 The Cold Extreme: 1 Karst Development In Glaciated Terrains. 10.4 The Cold Extreme: 2 Karst Development In Permafrozen Terrains. 10.5 Sea Level Changes, Tectonic Movement And Implications For Coastal Karst Development. 10.6 Polycyclic, Polygenetic And Exhumed Karsts. CHAPTER 11. KARST WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. 11.1 Water Resources And Sustainable Yields. 11.2 Determination Of Available Water Resources. 11.3 Karst Hydrogeological Mapping. 11.4 Human Impacts On Karst Water. 11.5 Groundwater Vulnerability, Protection, And Risk Mapping. 11.6 Dam Building, Leakages, Failures And Impacts. CHAPTER 12. HUMAN IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION. 12.1 The Inherent Vulnerability Of Karst Systems. 12.2 Deforestation, Agricultural Impacts And Rocky Desertification. 12.3 Sinkholes Induced By De-Watering, Surcharging, Solution Mining And Other Practices On Karst. 12.4 Problems Of Construction On And In The Karst Rocks - Expect The Unexpected! 12.5 Industrial Exploitation Of Karst Rocks And Minerals. 12.6 Restoration Of Karstlands And Rehabilitation Of Limestone Quarries. 12.7 Sustainable Management Of Karst. 12.8 Scientific, Cultural And Recreational Values Of Karstlands.
2,108 citations
Cites background or methods from "Environmental isotopes in hydrogeol..."
...As a consequence, Rozanski and Florkowski (1979) and Salvamoser (1984) suggested the use of 85Kr (T1=2 ¼ 10:8 yr) for dating, but this requires very large samples sizes (Clark and Fritz 1997, Moser 1998)....
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...…(HDO, H2 18O) have slightly lower saturation vapour pressures than the ordinary water molecule (H2 16O); hence when changes of state occur during evaporation and condensation, a slight fractionation takes place (discussed in detail by Clark and Fritz (1997) and Kendall and Caldwell (1998))....
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...The relationship between the two standards is (Clark and Fritz 1997): d18OVSMOW ¼ 1:03091 d18OVPDB þ 30:91& ð8:9Þ and d18OVPDB ¼ 0:97002 d18OVSMOW 29:98& ð8:10Þ Carbon isotopes from calcite (d13C) are also measured against VPDB. Precision of VPDB analysis is about 0.05% for d18O and 0.02% for d13C,…...
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...These points are discussed in publications by Fritz and Fontes (1980), Clark and Fritz (1997), Kendall and McDonnell (1998) and Moser (1998a)....
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TL;DR: Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in Denitrification methods over the next few years.
Abstract: Denitrification, the reduction of the nitrogen (N) oxides, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2), is important to primary production, water quality, and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere at ecosystem, landscape, regional, and global scales. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to measure, and existing methods are problematic for different reasons in different places at different times. In this paper, we review the major approaches that have been taken to measure denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic environments and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and future prospects for the different methods. Methodological approaches covered include (1) acetylene-based methods, (2) 15N tracers, (3) direct N2 quantification, (4) N2:Ar ratio quantification, (5) mass balance approaches, (6) stoichiometric approaches, (7) methods based on stable isotopes, (8) in situ gradients with atmospheric environmental tracers, and (9) molecular approaches. Our review makes it clear that the prospects for improved quantification of denitrification vary greatly in different environments and at different scales. While current methodology allows for the production of accurate estimates of denitrification at scales relevant to water and air quality and ecosystem fertility questions in some systems (e.g., aquatic sediments, well-defined aquifers), methodology for other systems, especially upland terrestrial areas, still needs development. Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in denitrification methods over the next few years.
874 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview and synthesis of the key aspects of subsurface hydrology, including water quantity and quality, related to global change and potential impacts of groundwater on the global climate system.
809 citations
Cites background from "Environmental isotopes in hydrogeol..."
...Key proxies are the stable isotopes of water (Clark and Fritz, 1997) and noble gases dissolved in groundwater (Stute and Schlosser, 1993; Porcelli et al....
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...…of hydrologists to obtain constraints on the age of groundwater and on processes and conditions water samples experienced during recharge and upon transit in the groundwater system (Plummer, 1993; Clark and Fritz, 1997; Cook and Herczeg, 2000; Hinsby et al., 2001; Loosli et al., 2001; Kooi, 2008a)....
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...Key proxies are the stable isotopes of water (Clark and Fritz, 1997) and noble gases dissolved in groundwater (Stute and Schlosser, 1993; Porcelli et al., 2002)....
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...Stable isotopes of H and O in the water molecule are sensitive to evaporation and condensation processes occurring in the hydrological cycle (Clark and Fritz, 1997)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an evaluation and review of the transit time literature in the context of catchments and water transit time estimation and provide a critical analysis of unresolved issues when applied at the catchment-scale.
766 citations
Cites background or result from "Environmental isotopes in hydrogeol..."
...The elevation effect (Dansgaard, 1964) was 0.26& per 100 m of elevation (r2 = 0.45) for these three consecutive storms, which is similar to results found by other investigators (Clark and Fritz, 1997)....
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...…Plummer et al., 1993; Cook and Böhlke, 2000) even though stable isotopes are the main tracers available for determining transit times of catchment systems and young groundwater (i.e., <5 years old) (Moser, 1980; Coplen, 1993; Clark and Fritz, 1997; Turner and Barnes, 1998; Coplen et al., 2000)....
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...45) for these three consecutive storms, which is similar to results found by other investigators (Clark and Fritz, 1997)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the use of multiple proxies and improving understanding of formation mechanisms offers a clear way forward, but the climatological meaning of many speleothem records cannot be interpreted unequivocally; this is particularly so for more subtle shifts and shorter time periods.
736 citations
Cites background from "Environmental isotopes in hydrogeol..."
...This is described as an open system (Garrels and Christ, 1965) when modelling carbon sources (Clark and Fritz, 1997)....
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References
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23 Jul 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the Carbon Cycle Evolution of Carbon in Groundwater Carbonate Geochemistry Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System Dissolved Organic Carbon Methane in Groundwaters Isotopic Composition of Carbonates.
Abstract: The Environmental Isotopes Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Radioisotopes Isotope Fractionation Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D) Tracing the Hydrological Cycle Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation Effects of Extreme Evaporation Precipitation The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation Local Effects on T - d18O Ice Cores and Paleotemperature Groundwater Recharge in Temperate Climates Recharge in Arid Regions Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies Groundwater Mixing Tracing the Carbon Cycle Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters Carbonate Geochemistry Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System Dissolved Organic Carbon Methane in Groundwaters Isotopic Composition of Carbonates Chapter 6. Groundwater Quality Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study Source of Chloride Salinity Landfill Leachates Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology Identifying and Dating Modern Groundwaters The "Age" of Groundwater Stable Isotopes Tritium in Precipitation Dating Groundwaters with Tritium Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Thermonuclear 36Cl Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr Submodern Groundwater Age Dating Old Groundwaters Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon Correction for Carbonate Dissolution Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater The Uranium Decay Series Water-Rock Interaction Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange High Temperature Systems Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions Field Methods for Sampling Groundwater Water in the Unsaturated Zone Precipitation Gases Geochemistry References Index Each chapter has Problems sections.
3,690 citations
"Environmental isotopes in hydrogeol..." refers background in this paper
...Recent review texts by Clark and Fritz (1997) , Kendall and McDonnell (1998), and Cook and Herczeg (2000) provide excellent summaries of the current body of knowledge on these topics....
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Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model of small catchment hydrology with respect to isotope geochemistry and water use in a catchment-scale perspective, which is similar to the one presented in this paper.
Abstract: Part 1 Basic principles: fundamentals of small catchment hydrology, J.M. Buttle fundamentals of isotope geochemistry, C. Kendall, E.A. Caldwell. Part 2 Processes affecting isotopic compositions: isotopic variations in precipitation, N.L. Ingraham isotopic fractionation in snow cover, L.W. Cooper isotopic exchange in soil water, C.J. Barnes, J.V. Turner plants, isotopes and water use - a catchment-scale perspective , T.E. Dawson, J.R. Ehleringer isotopes in groundwater hydrology, R. Gonfiantini et al lithogenic and cosmogenic tracers in catchment hydrology, G.J. Nimz dissolved gases in subsurfaces hydrology, D.K. Solomon et al. Part 3 Case studies in isotope hydrology: oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in rainfall-runoff studies, D.P. Genereux, R.P. Hooper high rainfall, response-dominated catchments - a comparative study of experiments in tropical northeast Queensland with temperate New Zealand, M. Bonell et al snow-melt-dominated systems, A. Rodhe arid catchments, N.L. Ingraham et al groundwater and surface-water interactions in Riparian and lake-dominated systems, J.F. Walker, D.P. Krabbenhoft. Part 4 Case studies in isotope geochemistry: use of stables isotopes in evaluating sulphur biogeochemistry of forest ecosystems, M.J. Mitchell et al tracing nitrogen sources and cycles in catchments, C. Kendall carbon cycling in terrestrial environments, Y. Wang et al tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths - a multi-isotope approach, T.D. Bullen, C. Kendall erosion, weathering, and sedimentation, P.R. Bierman et al applications of uranium- and thorium-series radionuclides in catchment hydrology studies, T.F. Kraemer, D.P. Genereux. Part 5 Modelling of isotopes and hydrogeochemical responses in catchment hydrology, J.V. Turner, C.J. Barnes isotopes as indicators of environmental change, J.B. Shanley et al. #00349015Part 1 Basic principles: fundamentals of small catchment hydrology, J.M. Buttle fundamentals of isotope geochemistry, C. Kendall, E.A. Caldwell. Part 2 Processes affecting isotopic compositions: isotopic variations in precipitation, N.L. Ingraham isotopic fractionation in snow cover, L.W. Cooper isotopic exchange in soil water, C.J. Barnes, J.V. Turner plants, isotopes and water use - a catchment-scale perspective , T.E. Dawson, J.R. Ehleringer isotopes in groundwater hydrology, R. Gonfiantini et al lithogenic and cosmogenic tracers in catchment hydrology, G.J. Nimz dissolved gases in subsurfaces hydrology, D.K. Solomon et al. Part 3 Case studies in isotope hydrology: oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in rainfall-runoff studies, D.P. Genereux, R.P. Hooper high rainfall, response-dominated catchments - a comparative study of experiments in tropical northeast Queensland with temperate New Zealand, M. Bonell et al snow-melt-dominated systems, A. Rodhe arid catchments, N.L. Ingraham et al groundwater and surface-water interactions in Riparian and lake-dominated systems, J.F. Walker, D.P. Krabbenhoft. Part 4 Case st
1,520 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used stable isotopes of the water to solve practical problems, such as determining timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport, and determining the time scales for groundwater flow and solute transport.
Abstract: List of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport P.G. Cook, J.-K. Bohlke. 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers A.L. Herczeg, W.M. Edmunds. 3. Isotope Engineering - Using stable isotopes of the water to solve practical problems T.B. Coplen, et al. 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems R.M. Kalin. 5. Uranium-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology J.K. Osmond, J.B. Cowart. 6. Radon-222 L. DeWayne Cecil, J.R. Green. 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate R. Krouse, B. Mayer. 8. Strontium Isotopes R.H. McNutt. 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems C. Kendall, R. Aravena. 10. Chlorine-36 F.M. Phillips. 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases M. Stute, P. Schlosser. 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85Kr, 39Ar, 81Kr H.H. Loosli, et al. 13. 3H and 3He D.K. Solomon, P.G. Cook. 14. 4He in Groundwater D.K. Solomon. 15. Chlorofluorocarbons L.N. Plummer, E. Busenberg. 16. delta11B, Rare Earth Elements, delta37Cl, 32Si, 35S, 129I A. Vengosh, et al. Appendices. Index.
838 citations