Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments.
TL;DR: RQ was applied as a novel approach to estimate the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals that are most frequently detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments and its continuous introduction in the environment may make them "pseudopersistents".
About: This article is published in Talanta.The article was published on 2006-04-15. It has received 1349 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pollutant.
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TL;DR: This analysis shows that the highest amounts discharged through secondary effluent pertain to one antihypertensive, and several beta-blockers and analgesics/anti-inflammatories, while the highest risk is posed by antibiotics and several psychiatric drugs and analgesic/ anti- inflammatories.
1,721 citations
Cites methods from "Environmental risk assessment of ph..."
...A commonly used ranking criterion was applied, according to De Souza et al. (2009) and Hernando et al. (2006): RQb0....
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TL;DR: It was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies and combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.
1,219 citations
Cites background from "Environmental risk assessment of ph..."
...However, it was only in mid-1990s, when the use of these compounds was widespread and new analytical technologies were developed, that their presence became an emerging concern (Lissemore et al., 2006; Hernando et al., 2006; Bound and Voulvoulis, 2006)....
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...The highly polarity and non-volatile nature of most antibiotics prevent their escape from these matrices (Hernando et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the removal and fate of PPCPs in different treatment facilities as well as the optimum methods for their elimination in STP and WTP systems.
1,101 citations
TL;DR: Investigation within watersheds of South-East Queensland, Australia found the presence of 28 antibiotics in three hospital effluents, five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), six rivers and a drinking water storage catchment was investigated, with further evidence that WWTPs are an important source of antibiotics to streams.
1,010 citations
998 citations
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TL;DR: This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
Abstract: During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
4,347 citations
TL;DR: Present knowledge does not reveal if regular therapeutic use may be the source of a substance carried by sewage effluent into the aquatic system, even though clofibrate, a lipid lowering agent, has been identified in ground and tap water samples from Berlin.
3,204 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the occurrence of 32 drug residues belonging to different medicinal classes like antiphlogistics, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs, antiepileptic drugs, betablockers and β 2 -sympathomimetics as well as five metabolites has been investigated in German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges, river and stream waters.
3,015 citations
TL;DR: From the large number of ground water samples that were taken from agricultural areas in Germany, no contamination by antibiotics was detected except for two sites, which indicates that intake from veterinary applications to the aquatic environment is of minor importance.
2,070 citations
TL;DR: This study provides the first documentation that many of the organic wastewater-related contaminants that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies.
1,009 citations