Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review
TL;DR: This review has summarized different enzymatic preparation methods of COS and some of their reported biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunostimulant effects are depend on their physico-chemical properties.
About: This article is published in Carbohydrate Polymers.The article was published on 2005-12-14. It has received 763 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The chemical structure and relevant biological properties of chitosan for regenerative medicine have been summarized as well as the methods for the preparation of controlled drug release devices and their applications.
2,312 citations
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TL;DR: A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative, biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment, molecular imprinting and metal nanocomposites) is presented.
Abstract: Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are natural polymers composed of randomly distributed � -(1-4)- linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). Chitin is insoluble in aqueous media while chitosan is soluble in acidic conditions due to the free protonable amino groups present in the D-glucosamine units. Due to their natural origin, both chitin and chitosan can not be defined as a unique chemical structure but as a fam- ily of polymers which present a high variability in their chemical and physical properties. This variability is related not only to the origin of the samples but also to their method of preparation. Chitin and chitosan are used in fields as different as food, biomedicine and agriculture, among others. The success of chitin and chitosan in each of these specific applica- tions is directly related to deep research into their physicochemical properties. In recent years, several reviews covering different aspects of the applications of chitin and chitosan have been published. However, these reviews have not taken into account the key role of the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan in their possible applications. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the polymers and their behaviour. A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative, biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment, molecular imprinting and metal nanocomposites) is presented. The molecular mechanism of the biological properties such as biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, permeation enhancing effect, anticholesterolemic, and antimicrobial has been up- dated.
1,015 citations
Cites background from "Enzymatic production and biological..."
...Chitosan Mw also affects the binding or agglutination of red blood cells [73]....
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...However, this property is very controversial [73]....
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TL;DR: The chemical modification affords a wide range of derivatives with modified properties for specific end use applications in diversified areas mainly of pharmaceutical, biomedical and biotechnological fields.
Abstract: Of late, the most bountiful natural biopolymer chitin and chitosan have become cynosure of all party because of an unusual combination of biological activities plus mechanical and physical properties. However applications of chitin are limited due to its inherent insoluble and intractable nature. Chitosan, alkaline hydrolytic derivative of chitin has better solubility profile, less crystallinity and is amenable to chemical modifications due to presence of functional groups as hydroxyl, acetamido, and amine. The chemical modification of chitosan is of interest because the modification would not change the fundamental skeleton of chitosan, would keep the original physicochemical and biochemical properties and finally would bring new or improved properties. In view of rapidly growing interest in chitosan its chemical aspects and chemical modification studies is reviewed. The several chemical modifications such as oligomerization, alkylation, acylation, quternization, hydroxyalkylation, carboxyalkylation, thiolation, sulfation, phosphorylation, enzymatic modifications and graft copolymerization along with many assorted modifications have been carried out. The chemical modification affords a wide range of derivatives with modified properties for specific end use applications in diversified areas mainly of pharmaceutical, biomedical and biotechnological fields. Assorted modifications including chitosan hybrids with sugars, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and crown ethers have also emerged as interesting multifunctional macromolecules. The versatility in possible modifications and applications of chitosan derivatives presents a great challenge to scientific community and to industry. The successful acceptance of this challenge will change the role of chitosan from being a molecule in waiting to a lead player.
898 citations
TL;DR: A review of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides can be found in this paper, where the authors focus on the biological properties of the compounds and their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental industries.
707 citations
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...…Sekiguchi et al., 1994; Sudarshan, Hoover, & Knorr, 1992; Uchida, Lzume, & Ohtakara, 1989; Wei & Xia, 2003; Zhao & Xia, 2006), hypocholesterolemic (Kim & Rajapakse, 2005; Liao, Shieh, Chang, & Chien, 2007; Maezaki et al., 1996; Sugano et al., 1980; Sugano, Watanabe, Kishi, Izume, & Ohtakara,…...
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TL;DR: Non-digestible oligosaccharides possess important physicochemical and physiological properties, and are claimed to behave as dietary fibers and prebiotics, which gives opportunity for improving of gut microecology including bacterial populations, biochemical profiles and physiological effects.
682 citations
References
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TL;DR: Application of chitinous products in foods and pharmaceuticals as well as processing aids has received considerable attention in recent years as exotic synthetic compounds are losing their appeal.
Abstract: Chitin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer after cellulose. The chemical structure of chitin is similar to that of cellulose with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucose (NAG) monomers attached via β(14) linkages. Chitosan is the deacetylated (to varying degrees) form of chitin, which, unlike chitin, is soluble in acidic solutions. Application of chitinous products in foods and pharmaceuticals as well as processing aids has received considerable attention in recent years as exotic synthetic compounds are losing their appeal. This review summarizes some of the important developments related to food applications of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives.
1,711 citations
TL;DR: Fungal chitosan had significantly less antibiotic effect than CH and CL, and was shown to be concentration dependent with 0.1 mg/mL more effective than 2.0 and 5.0 mg/ mL.
Abstract: The antibacterial action of chitosan hydroglutamate (CH), chitosan lactate (CL) and chitosan derived from fungal mycelia was examined against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Plate counts indicated inactivation rates of one‐ to five‐log‐cycles within one hour. Fungal chitosan had significantly less antibiotic effect than CH and CL. The antibacterial action of CH and CL was very similar and shown to be concentration dependent with 0.1 mg/mL more effective than 2.0 and 5.0 mg/mL. When CH (or CL) and polygalacturonate were added to cell suspensions, death was prevented, possibly indicating that chitosan complexed with polygalacturonate could not penetrate the cell or disrupt the membrane. Leakage of intracellular components caused by chitosan was determined by exposing lactose‐induced Escherichia coli to chitosan with assay for s‐galactosidase activity indicating that cell permeabilization occurred more extensively at the low chitosan concentrations. Microscopic examination showed that...
883 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to give an insight into the many potential applications of chitosan as a pharmaceutical drug carrier.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to give an insight into the many potential applications of chitosan as a pharmaceutical drug carrier. The first part of this review concerns the principal uses of chitosan as an excipient in oral formulations (particularly as a direct tableting agent) and as a vehicle for parenteral drug delivery devices. The use of chitosan to manufacture sustained-release systems deliverable by other routes (nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, and implantable devices) is discussed in the second part.
745 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Chitin has been a landmark for polysaccharides and modified chitins, besides chitin itself, to the point that three International Conferences on Chitin / Chitosan were convened (Boston, U.S. A. 1977, Sapporo, Japan 1982 and Senigallia, Italy 1985).
Abstract: Exegi monumentum ael'e perennius. The monument I have built will last longer than bronze. Horace My previous book, "Chitin," (1977) was listed by the publisher, as a "key research book," among the most requested books by libraries. It received favorable comments from. each of the journals which reviewed it, Science, 198, 28 Oct. 1977, Physiological Entomology, 2(4), Dec. 1977, The Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, April 1978, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 53:361, 1978, Oceanographic Abstracts, 15:182, 1979, Annales de Zoologie-Ecologie Animale, 11:127, 1979, and Enzyme & Microbial Technology, 2, 1980. The variety of these journals testifies to the interdisci plinary character of chitin studies. "Chitin" has really been a landmark, to use the definition given by Science, because it stimulated interest in the less known polysaccharides and in modified chitins, besides chitin itself, to the point that three International Conferences on Chitin / Chitosan were convened (Boston, U. S. A. 1977, Sapporo, Japan 1982 and Senigallia, Italy 1985). In convening the 3rd International Conference on Chitin / Chitosan (1-4 April 1985), one of the main objectives was the preparation of the present book. While the proceedings of the previous two Conferences were very valuable, they did not appear in any book catalogs and this severely Ii mi ted their distribution."
667 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the antibacterial effect of three kinds of chitooligosaccharides with relatively higher molecular weights (HMWCOS), medium molecular weight (MMWCOS), and lower molecular weight, respectively, was evaluated against various microorganisms.
643 citations