Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative/qualitative analysis of plant secondary metabolites.
TL;DR: Progress has been made in ELISA with the recent advances in recombinant DNA technology, leading to increase in the range of antibodies, probes, and even systems.
Abstract: Immunoassays are antibody-based analytical methods for quantitative/qualitative analysis. Since the principle of immunoassays is based on specific antigen–antibody reaction, the assays have been utilized worldwide for diagnosis, pharmacokinetic studies by drug monitoring, and the quality control of commercially available products. Berson and Yalow were the first to develop an immunoassay, known as radioimmunoassay (RIA), for detecting endogenous plasma insulin [1], a development for which Yalow was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Even today, after half a century, immunoassays are widely utilized with some modifications from the originally proposed system, e.g., radioisotopes have been replaced with enzymes because of safety concerns regarding the use of radioactivity, which is referred to as enzyme immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, progress has been made in ELISA with the recent advances in recombinant DNA technology, leading to increase in the range of antibodies, probes, and even systems. This review article describes ELISA and its applications for the detection of plant secondary metabolites.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This position paper is the summary of discussion on translational metabolomics undertaken during a peer session of the Australian and New Zealand Metabolomics Conference (ANZMET 2018) held in Auckland, New Zealand.
Abstract: Metabolomics is one of the latest omics technologies that has been applied successfully in many areas of life sciences. Despite being relatively new, a plethora of publications over the years have exploited the opportunities provided through this data and question driven approach. Most importantly, metabolomics studies have produced great breakthroughs in biomarker discovery, identification of novel metabolites and more detailed characterisation of biological pathways in many organisms. However, translation of the research outcomes into clinical tests and user-friendly interfaces has been hindered due to many factors, some of which have been outlined hereafter. This position paper is the summary of discussion on translational metabolomics undertaken during a peer session of the Australian and New Zealand Metabolomics Conference (ANZMET 2018) held in Auckland, New Zealand. Here, we discuss some of the key areas in translational metabolomics including existing challenges and suggested solutions, as well as how to expand the clinical and industrial application of metabolomics. In addition, we share our perspective on how full translational capability of metabolomics research can be explored.
126 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study not only summarized the most frequently mycotoxin detection technique but also may provide a roadmap for future research regarding the mycotoxins detection analysis.
Abstract: Background Cereal and cereal-based products are used as an important sources of energy and minerals as well as vitamins in all of the world. However, their contamination with mycotoxins reserved huge concerns due to adverse effects of mycotoxin on human health. Scope and approach The present research was undertaken to evaluate published studies regarding the identification of mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and total aflatoxin (TAF) in the cereal-based products between 1 January 1983 and 25 December 2017. In this regard, 66 out of 2817 screened studies were used in the conducted systematic review. Key findings and conclusions The lowest and highest number of published reports was associated with DON and TAF in some of the cereal-based products, respectively. Among the countries, Germany was ranked as the first in establishing investigations. Moreover, the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) was categorized as the most implemented technique for mycotoxin detection. The rank order of products cereal-based food based on number of studies was cereal grains > cornflake > bread > breakfast > flour > infant product > pasta > other products. The results of this study not only summarized the most frequently mycotoxin detection technique but also may provide a roadmap for future research regarding the mycotoxins detection analysis.
106 citations
Sharif University of Technology1, Iran University of Science and Technology2, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services3, Education and Research Network4, Tehran University of Medical Sciences5, Amirkabir University of Technology6, National University of Singapore7, Palacký University, Olomouc8, Seoul National University9
TL;DR: This manuscript critically reviews recent literature to specifically illustrate nano-engineered effective and rapid solutions for rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the COVID-19 pandemic that has been spreading around the world since December 2019. More than 10 million affected cases and more than half a million deaths have been reported so far, while no vaccine is yet available as a treatment. Considering the global healthcare urgency, several techniques, including whole genome sequencing and computed tomography imaging have been employed for diagnosing infected people. Considerable efforts are also directed at detecting and preventing different modes of community transmission. Among them is the rapid detection of virus presence on different surfaces with which people may come in contact. Detection based on non-contact optical techniques is very helpful in managing the spread of the virus, and to aid in the disinfection of surfaces. Nanomaterial-based methods are proven suitable for rapid detection. Given the immense need for science led innovative solutions, this manuscript critically reviews recent literature to specifically illustrate nano-engineered effective and rapid solutions. In addition, all the different techniques are critically analyzed, compared, and contrasted to identify the most promising methods. Moreover, promising research ideas for high accuracy of detection in trace concentrations, via color change and light-sensitive nanostructures, to assist fingerprint techniques (to identify the virus at the contact surface of the gas and solid phase) are also presented.
100 citations
Cites methods from "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay f..."
...Detection based on antibodies Expensive to prepare antibody, limit the amount of antigen in samples, antibody instability [69]...
[...]
TL;DR: Different types of impedimetric immunosensors are reported according to the type of electrode and their base layer materials, either self-assembled monolayers or polymeric layers, composition and functionalization for different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi and disease biomarkers.
Abstract: Since the discovery of antibiotics in the first quarter of the twentieth century, their use has been the principal approach to treat bacterial infection. Modernized medicine such as cancer therapy, organ transplantation or advanced major surgeries require effective antibiotics to manage bacterial infections. However, the irresponsible use of antibiotics along with the lack of development has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance which is considered a serious global threat due to the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Wang et al. in Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis, pp. 1645–1658, 2018). Currently employed diagnostics techniques are microscopy, colony counting, ELISA, PCR, RT-PCR, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and others. These techniques provide satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity (Joung et al. in Sens Actuators B Chem 161:824–831, 2012). Nevertheless, they demand specialized personnel and expensive and sophisticated machinery which can be labour-intensive and time-consuming, (Malvano et al. in Sensors (Switzerland) 18:1–11, 2018; Mantzila et al. in Anal Chem 80:1169–1175, 2008). To get around these problems, new technologies such as biosensing and lab-on-a-chip devices have emerged in the last two decades. Impedimetric immunosensors function by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to a biosensor platform using antibodies or other affinity proteins such as Affimers (Tiede et al. in Elife 6(c):1–35, 2017) or other binding proteins (Weiss et al. in Electrochim Acta 50:4248–4256, 2005) as bioreceptors, which provide excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Pre-enrichment steps are not required and this allows miniaturization and low-cost. In this review different types of impedimetric immunosensors are reported according to the type of electrode and their base layer materials, either self-assembled monolayers or polymeric layers, composition and functionalization for different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi and disease biomarkers. Additionally, novel protein scaffolds, both antibody derived and non-antibody derived, used to specifically target the analyte are considered.
99 citations
TL;DR: In conclusion, aflatoxin continues to be a major food safety problem, especially in developing countries where regulatory limits do not exist or are not adequately enforced.
Abstract: Aflatoxins represent a global public health and economic concern as they are responsible for significant adverse health and economic issues affecting consumers and farmers worldwide. Produced by fungal species from the Aspergillus genus, aflatoxins are a toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic group of fungal metabolites that routinely contaminate food and agricultural products. Climate and diet are essential factors in the aflatoxin contamination of food and subsequent human exposure process. Countri es with warmer climates and staple foods that are aflatoxin-susceptible shoulder a substantial portion of the global aflatoxins burden. Enactment of regulations, prevention of pre- and postharvest contamination, decontamination, and detoxification have been used to prevent human dietary exposure to aflatoxin. Exploiting their chemical and structural properties, means are devised to detect and quantify aflatoxin presence in foods. Herein, recent developments in several important aspects impacting aflatoxin contamination of the food supply, including: fungal producers of the toxin, occurrence in food, worldwide regulations, detection methods, preventive strategies, and removal and degradation methods were reviewed and presented. In conclusion, aflatoxin continues to be a major food safety problem, especially in developing countries where regulatory limits do not exist or are not adequately enforced. Finally, knowledge gaps and current challenges in each discussed aspect were identified, and new solutions were proposed.
68 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The derivation of a number of tissue culture cell lines which secrete anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies is described here, made by fusion of a mouse myeloma and mouse spleen cells from an immunised donor.
Abstract: THE manufacture of predefined specific antibodies by means of permanent tissue culture cell lines is of general interest. There are at present a considerable number of permanent cultures of myeloma cells1,2 and screening procedures have been used to reveal antibody activity in some of them. This, however, is not a satisfactory source of monoclonal antibodies of predefined specificity. We describe here the derivation of a number of tissue culture cell lines which secrete anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies. The cell lines are made by fusion of a mouse myeloma and mouse spleen cells from an immunised donor. To understand the expression and interactions of the Ig chains from the parental lines, fusion experiments between two known mouse myeloma lines were carried out.
19,053 citations
"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay f..." refers background in this paper
...However, issues related to the specificity of different batches were particularly concerning until the development of the MAb technology by Köhler and Milstein in 1975 [28]....
[...]
3,724 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the specificity of the DNP system was assessed by inhibition with hapten, and the reaction of immune serum against DNP with DNP-protein, adsorbed to the tubes, was completely inhibited by haptens in solution.
3,349 citations
TL;DR: A new method of conjugating horseradish peroxidase with proteins was developed by oxidizing the carbohydrate moiety with sodium periodate and bound to free amino groups of proteins unidirectionally at high efficiencies.
Abstract: A new method of conjugating horseradish peroxidase with proteins was developed. The carbohydrate moiety of fluorodinitrobenzene-blocked peroxidase was oxidized with so- dium periodate to form aldehyde groups. The peroxidase-aldehyde was then bound to free amino groups of proteins unidirectionally at high efficiencies. Peroxidase-labeled immune- globulin retained its immunologic as well as enzymatic activities. Horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), when cou- pled to immunoglobulin G (IgG), has proven to be a useful marker for immunohistochemistry (13). In contrast to other immunohistochemical markers, such as fluorescein (7) and ferritin (20), HRPO may be used for both light and electron microscopy. It is especially suitable for the intracellular localization of antigens at the ultrastructural level since HRPO (40,000 molec- ular weight) is considerably smaller than fer- ritin (650,000 molecular weight); thus, HRPO- labeled IgG (HRPO-IgG) has superior penetra- tion properties. HRPO is usually coupled to IgG using bifunc- tional reagents. With earlier methods, the con- jugation reactions were carried out in the pres- ence of HRPO, IgG, and p,p'-difluoro-m,m - din tro-diphenyl sulfone (FNPS) (13), (1-cyclohexyl- 3-(2-morpholinoethyl)) carbodiimide metho-p- toluenesulfonate (4), cyanuric chloride (1), bis-
2,395 citations
TL;DR: This review traces natural products drug discovery, outlining important drugs from natural sources that revolutionized treatment of serious diseases and effective drug development depends on multidisciplinary collaborations.
2,272 citations
"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay f..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, Cragg and Newman recently reported that 34% of the currently used drugs originate from natural products [6]....
[...]