Epidemiology of cigarette smoking and cessation
01 Jan 2003-
About: The article was published on 2003-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 14 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pack-year.
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TL;DR: Since smoking duration is the principal risk factor for smoking-related morbidity, the treatment goal should be early cessation and prevention of relapse.
Abstract: Tobacco use is the single most important preventable health risk in the developed world, and an important cause of premature death worldwide. Smoking causes a wide range of diseases, including many types of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and peptic ulcer disease. In addition, smoking during pregnancy adversely affects fetal and neonatal growth and development. Recent decades have seen a massive expansion in tobacco use in the developing world and accelerating growth in smoking among women in the developed world. Globally, smoking-related mortality is set to rise from 3 million annually (1995 estimate) to 10 million annually by 2030, with 70% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Many of the adverse health effects of smoking are reversible, and smoking cessation treatments represent some of the most cost effective of all healthcare interventions. Although the greatest benefit accrues from ceasing smoking when young, even quitting in middle age avoids much of the excess healthcare risk associated with smoking. In order to improve smoking cessation rates, effective behavioural and pharmacological treatments, coupled with professional counselling and advice, are required. Since smoking duration is the principal risk factor for smoking-related morbidity, the treatment goal should be early cessation and prevention of relapse.
344 citations
TL;DR: Social Cognitive Theory was used as a theoretical framework to examine the first and second lapses, as well as mild and heavy relapse into smoking among 135 daily smoking adolescents who embarked on a serious quit attempt, and predicted relapse within 3 weeks after quitting.
60 citations
Cites background from "Epidemiology of cigarette smoking a..."
...It is estimated that 95% to 99% of all unaided quit attempts among adults end in relapses (Jarvis, 2003), most of which occur in the first few days and weeks of quitting (Doherty, Kinnunen, Militello, & Garvey, 1995; Jarvis, 2003)....
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TL;DR: Self-efficacy was relatively high and moderately variable prior to the first lapse, but decreased and became more variable thereafter, and the need for dynamic formulations and assessments of adolescents' self- efficacy and relapse is highlighted.
Abstract: Objective: The present study examined whether dynamic day-to-day variations in self-efficacy predicted success in quit attempts among daily smoking adolescents. Design: A sample of 149 adolescents recorded their smoking and self-efficacy three times per day during 1 week prior to and 3 weeks after a quit attempt. Main Outcome Measures: The first lapse, second lapse, and relapse after at least 24 hours of abstinence from smoking were the main outcome measures. Results: Self-efficacy was relatively high and moderately variable prior to the first lapse, but decreased and became more variable thereafter. Lower self-efficacy as measured at the lapse assessment significantly increased the risk that a second lapse and relapse would occur. Individual differences in baseline self-efficacy did not predict any of the treatment outcomes. The time-varying analyses, however, showed that lower self-efficacy on a given day predicted the first lapse, the second lapse, and relapse on the succeeding day. Daily concomitant smoking (any smoking on the preceding day) was not significantly related to relapse. Conclusion: The present results emphasize the importance of self-efficacy among adolescents in cessation and highlight the need for dynamic formulations and assessments of adolescents' self-efficacy and relapse.
53 citations
Cites background from "Epidemiology of cigarette smoking a..."
...Another limitation in the relapse literature in general: Very few studies have employed postquit measures of SE, and most did not distinguish the first lapse from a second lapse or full relapse, most probably as a result of a robust consistency in the literature that most lapses end up in relapse anyway (Jarvis, 2003; Kenford et al., 1994)....
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...…in general: Very few studies have employed postquit measures of SE, and most did not distinguish the first lapse from a second lapse or full relapse, most probably as a result of a robust consistency in the literature that most lapses end up in relapse anyway (Jarvis, 2003; Kenford et al., 1994)....
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TL;DR: Machine learning classifiers can help identify smoking situations, and the search for the best features and classifier parameters significantly improves the algorithms' performance, suggesting that machine learning may be a suitable approach to deal with smoking cessation matters.
31 citations
Cites background from "Epidemiology of cigarette smoking a..."
...Although behavioral and pharmacological medication can help subjects to quit [18, 31, 32], success rates remain modest and relapse is generally observed in between 95% and 99% of the unaccompanied quit attempt cases [33]....
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TL;DR: This analysis confirmed the importance of negative affect as a precursor of smoking urges while showing that the magnitude of the effect varies over time.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) are increasingly used in studies of smoking behavior. Through EMA, examination of lagged relationships is particularly useful for establishing a temporal order of events and for identifying types and timing of risk factors. The time-varying effect model (TVEM) handles EMA data challenges and addresses unique questions about the time-varying effects. METHODS Generalized TVEM was applied to EMA data from a smoking cessation study to investigate a "time-varying lagged" effect of negative affect on high smoking urges. Participants included 224 smokers with a smoking history of 23.1 years (SD = 9.8) smoking 27.3 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.7), which provided 11,394 EMAs following a quit attempt and prior to a smoking lapse. RESULTS The effect of negative affect was found to vary as a function of a time lag, with stronger immediate effects: estimated odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 for the lower nicotine-dependence group (time to first morning cigarette > 5 min, 57.6%) and OR of 2.4 for the higher nicotine-dependence group (≤ 5 min). The magnitude of the effect persisted up to 7 hr while decreasing over time. CONCLUSIONS This analysis confirmed the importance of negative affect as a precursor of smoking urges while showing that the magnitude of the effect varies over time. An assumption of a constant lagged effect may bias estimates of the relationships and fail to provide a comprehensive outlook of the relational dynamics.
31 citations