Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances.
TL;DR: Most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought.
About: This article is published in Journal of Fluency Disorders.The article was published on 2013-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 388 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Stuttering & Population.
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TL;DR: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory motivates experimental and clinical work to determine the specific factors that contribute to each child's pathway to the diagnosis of stuttering and those most likely to promote recovery.
Abstract: Purpose We advanced a multifactorial, dynamic account of the complex, nonlinear interactions of motor, linguistic, and emotional factors contributing to the development of stuttering. Our purpose h...
183 citations
TL;DR: The importance of sex and gender in psychopathology research is discussed, terminology used when examining these constructs is reviewed, and multiple explanations for differential prevalence rates are presented.
Abstract: Sex and gender differences in psychopathology have been understudied, yet identifying and understanding variability by sex and gender is important for the development of comprehensive etiological models as well as effective assessment and treatment of psychopathology in all persons. In the current article, we discuss the importance of sex and gender in psychopathology research, review terminology used when examining these constructs, and present multiple explanations for differential prevalence rates. Next, we review articles from psychopathology journals and conclude that researchers more often include both males and females than they did two decades ago, but still do not consistently analyze by sex or gender. We also provide an update of male-to-female ratios as presented in the DSM-5 and conduct a systematic review of the literature for selected disorders. We conclude that the DSM-5 presentation of sex or gender ratios is not systematic. Finally, we provide suggestions for the next DSM task force, researchers, journal editors, and funding agencies. These recommendations focus on more consistently and systematically considering sex and gender in all aspects of psychopathology research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
126 citations
Cites background from "Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st ce..."
...Likewise, Yairi and Ambrose (2013) summarized five prevalence studies with sex/gender data available (published between 2001 and 2011), and reported male-to-female ratios of 0.66:1, 2.6:1, 4.6:1, 2.3:1, and 2.47:1 (this 2.47:1 ratio is based on a U.S. study of 119,000 participants; Boyle et al.,…...
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TL;DR: The white matter changes point to possible structural connectivity deficits in children who stutter, in interrelated neural circuits that enable skilled movement control through efficient sensorimotor integration and timing of movements.
Abstract: The ability to express thoughts through fluent speech production is a most human faculty, one that is often taken for granted. Stuttering, which disrupts the smooth flow of speech, affects 5% of preschool-age children and 1% of the general population, and can lead to significant communication difficulties and negative psychosocial consequences throughout one's lifetime. Despite the fact that symptom onset typically occurs during early childhood, few studies have yet examined the possible neural bases of developmental stuttering during childhood. Here we present a diffusion tensor imaging study that examined white matter measures reflecting neuroanatomical connectivity (fractional anisotropy) in 77 children [40 controls (20 females), 37 who stutter (16 females)] between 3 and 10 years of age. We asked whether previously reported anomalous white matter measures in adults and older children who stutter that were found primarily in major left hemisphere tracts (e.g. superior longitudinal fasciculus) are also present in younger children who stutter. All children exhibited normal speech, language, and cognitive development as assessed through a battery of assessments. The two groups were matched in chronological age and socioeconomic status. Voxel-wise whole brain comparisons using tract-based spatial statistics and region of interest analyses of fractional anisotropy were conducted to examine white matter changes associated with stuttering status, age, sex, and stuttering severity. Children who stutter exhibited significantly reduced fractional anisotropy relative to controls in white matter tracts that interconnect auditory and motor structures, corpus callosum, and in tracts interconnecting cortical and subcortical areas. In contrast to control subjects, fractional anisotropy changes with age were either stagnant or showed dissociated development among major perisylvian brain areas in children who stutter. These results provide first glimpses into the neuroanatomical bases of early childhood stuttering, and possible white matter developmental changes that may lead to recovery versus persistent stuttering. The white matter changes point to possible structural connectivity deficits in children who stutter, in interrelated neural circuits that enable skilled movement control through efficient sensorimotor integration and timing of movements.
117 citations
Cites background from "Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st ce..."
...Such disfluencies can persist for 46 months in 5% of preschool-age children (Andrews and Harris, 1964; Yairi and Ambrose, 2013), at which point most clinicians diagnose it as developmental stuttering....
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TL;DR: Results imply that at 18 months post treatment onset, both treatments are roughly equal in treating developmental stuttering in ways that surpass expectations of natural recovery, and follow-up data are needed to confirm these findings.
Abstract: textObjective Stuttering is a common childhood disorder. There is limited high quality evidence regarding options for best treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of direct treatment with indirect treatment in preschool children who stutter. Methods In this multicenter randomized controlled trial with an 18 month follow-up, preschool children who stutter who were referred for treatment were randomized to direct treatment (Lidcombe Program; n = 99) or indirect treatment (RESTART-DCM treatment; n = 100). Main inclusion criteria were age 3-6 years, ≥ 3% syllables stuttered (%SS), and time since onset ≥ 6 months. The primary outcome was the percentage of non-stuttering children at 18 months. Secondary outcomes included stuttering frequency (%SS), stuttering severity ratings by the parents and therapist, severity rating by the child, health-related quality of life, emotional and behavioral problems, and speech attitude. Results Percentage of non-stuttering children for direct treatment was 76.5% (65/85) versus 71.4% (65/91) for indirect treatment (Odds Ratio (OR), 0.6; 95% CI, 0.1-2.4, p = .42). At 3 months, children treated by direct treatment showed a greater decline in %SS (significant interaction time x therapy: β = -1.89; t(282.82) = -2.807, p = .005). At 18 months, stuttering frequency was 1.2% (SD 2.1) for direct treatment and 1.5% (SD 2.1) for indirect treatment. Direct treatment had slightly better scores on most other secondary outcome measures, but no differences between treatment approaches were significant. Conclusions Direct treatment decreased stuttering more quickly during the first three months of treatment. At 18 months, however, clinical outcomes for direct and indirect treatment were comparable. These results imply that at 18 months post treatment onset, both treatments are roughly equal in treating developmental stuttering in ways that surpass expectations of natural recovery. Follow-up data are needed to confirm these findings in the longer term.
112 citations
References
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TL;DR: Autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other developmental delays increased, whereas hearing loss showed a significant decline, and trends were found in all of the sociodemographic subgroups, except for autism in non-Hispanic black children.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To fill gaps in crucial data needed for health and educational planning, we determined the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children and in selected populations for a recent 12-year period. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We used data on children aged 3 to 17 years from the 1997–2008 National Health Interview Surveys, which are ongoing nationally representative samples of US households. Parent-reported diagnoses of the following were included: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; intellectual disability; cerebral palsy; autism; seizures; stuttering or stammering; moderate to profound hearing loss; blindness; learning disorders; and/or other developmental delays. RESULTS: Boys had a higher prevalence overall and for a number of select disabilities compared with girls. Hispanic children had the lowest prevalence for a number of disabilities compared with non-Hispanic white and black children. Low income and public health insurance were associated with a higher prevalence of many disabilities. Prevalence of any developmental disability increased from 12.84% to 15.04% over 12 years. Autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other developmental delays increased, whereas hearing loss showed a significant decline. These trends were found in all of the sociodemographic subgroups, except for autism in non-Hispanic black children. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental disabilities are common and were reported in ∼1 in 6 children in the United States in 2006–2008. The number of children with select developmental disabilities (autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other developmental delays) has increased, requiring more health and education services. Additional study of the influence of risk-factor shifts, changes in acceptance, and benefits of early services is needed.
1,548 citations
"Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st ce..." refers background or result in this paper
...In view of the size of the Boyle et al. (2011) study, it would appear that, at present, the race factor, at least s that recognized as African American, remains opens for further careful studies....
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...In contrast to the negative findings by the first two Australian studies reviewed above, the much larger USA Center for isease Control and Prevention survey (Boyle et al., 2011) did find appreciable relationships between SES and the prevalence f stuttering in children aged 3–17 years....
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...Most recently, new data have emerged from the USA Center for Disease Control and Prevention study (Boyle et al., 2011) hat surveyed parents and guardians of 119,367 children, aged 3–17 years, asking if their child had any of several childhood isability conditions, including stuttering....
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...Also covering a rather wide age-range of young people, in a much larger sample and starting at a younger age, was a study by the USA Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Boyle et al., 2011)....
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...…recent findings indicating relationships between the occurrence of stuttering and SES that have emerged from the Reilly et al. (2009) and from the large Boyle et al. (2011) studies are contradictory as the first ties stuttering to higher SES status whereas the other associate it with lower status....
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Book•
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: Theories of stuttering are discussed in this paper and early stuttering and normal disfluency of stutter patients are discussed. But the diagnosis and treatment of STDs are not discussed.
Abstract: 1. Symptomatology 2. Theories of stuttering 3. Prevalence and incidence 4. The person who stutters: central neurological findings 5. The person who stutters: motor abilities 6. The person who stutters: other physical findings 7. The person who stutters: personality 8. The person who stutters: cognitive and linguistic abilities 9. The person who stutters: developmental history and home environment 10. Stuttering as a response 11. Stuttering as a response: some controversial phenomena 12. Early stuttering and normal disfluency 13. Inferences and conclusions 14. Diagnosis and treatment Appendix: Results of Treatment References. Subject Index. Author Index
1,307 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The nature of Stuttering, Constitutional Factors, and Research Findings on Constitutional Factors; other Fluency Disorders.
Abstract: Section One: Nature of Stuttering Chapter 1: Introduction to Stuttering Chapter 2: Constitutional Factors Chapter 3: Research Findings on Constitutional Factors Chapter 4: Developmental, Environmental, and Learning Factors Chapter 5: Research Findings on Developmental, Environmental, and Learning Factors Chpater 6: Theories about Stuttering Chapter 7: Normal Disfluency and the Development of Stuttering Section Two: Assessment and Treatment of Stuttering Chapter 8: Preliminaries to Assessment Chapter 9: Assessment Chapter 10: Preliminaries to Treatment Chapter 11: Treatment of the Young Preschool Child Chapter 12: Treatment of the Older Preschool Child Chapter 13: Treatment of the School-Age Child Chapter 14: Treatment of Adolescents and Adults Chapter 15: Other Fluency Disorders
631 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of the investigation reported herein is to study the pathognomonic course of stuttering during its first several years in early childhood with special reference to the occurrence of persistent and spontaneously recovered forms of the disorder.
Abstract: The divergent developmental course of stuttering with its two major paths, persistency and spontaneous (unaided) recovery, has been a focus of scientific attention because of its critical theoretic...
470 citations