Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization and function.
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...For example, deletion of transcription factor IRF4 or KLF6 fails to makeM(IL-4) macrophages, whereas PPARg and PPARv are required for the amplitude of the M(IL-4) state (Chawla, 2010; Date et al., 2014; Ivashkiv, 2013)....
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...…(1) removal of the stimulus, (2) enforcement of feedback and feed-forward signaling loops, including autocrine production of cytokines, and (3) epigenetic and/or developmental effects built into the life history of a macrophage (Ivashkiv, 2013; Lawrence and Natoli, 2011; Porta et al., 2009)....
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...Other mechanisms, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) [65-69], enhancer RNAs [70-72], and epigenetic enzymes, control the activation landscape [73-78]....
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2,176 citations
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...Interestingly, miR-155 has both pro- and antiapoptotic roles, whereas miR-21 and let-7e negatively regulate macrophage apoptosis (Ivashkiv, 2013; Porta et al., 2015; Takeuch & Akira, 2011; Van den Bossche, Neele, Hoeksema, & de Winther, 2014; Wei & Schober, 2016)....
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