Journal ArticleDOI
Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled‐up primate brain
Frederico A. C. Azevedo,Ludmila R.B. Carvalho,Lea T. Grinberg,José Marcelo Farfel,Renata E.L. Ferretti,Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite,Wilson Jacob Filho,Roberto Lent,Suzana Herculano-Houzel +8 more
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TLDR
The findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled‐up primate brain.Abstract:
The human brain is often considered to be the most cognitively capable among mammalian brains and to be much larger than expected for a mammal of our body size. Although the number of neurons is generally assumed to be a determinant of computational power, and despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells. With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex, greater cortical size (representing 82% of total brain mass) in humans compared with other primates does not reflect an increased relative number of cortical neurons. The ratios between glial cells and neurons in the human brain structures are similar to those found in other primates, and their numbers of cells match those expected for a primate of human proportions. These findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.read more
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Principles of Neural Science
TL;DR: The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or her own research.
Journal ArticleDOI
The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: An Overview
TL;DR: Progress made during the first half of the Human Connectome Project project in refining the methods for data acquisition and analysis provides grounds for optimism that the HCP datasets and associated methods and software will become increasingly valuable resources for characterizing human brain connectivity and function, their relationship to behavior, and their heritability and genetic underpinnings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body.
Ron Sender,Shai Fuchs,Ron Milo +2 more
TL;DR: This analysis updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in the body is actually of the same order as the numberof human cells, and their total mass is about 0.2 kg.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Human Connectome Project: A data acquisition perspective
D. C. Van Essen,Kamil Ugurbil,Edward J. Auerbach,Timothy E.J. Behrens,Richard D. Bucholz,A. Chang,Liyong Chen,Maurizio Corbetta,Sandra W. Curtiss,S. Della Penna,David A. Feinberg,Matthew F. Glasser,Noam Harel,Andrew C. Heath,Linda J. Larson-Prior,Daniel S. Marcus,Georgios Michalareas,Steen Moeller,Robert Oostenveld,Steven E. Petersen,Fred W. Prior,Bradley L. Schlaggar,Stephen M. Smith,Abraham Z. Snyder,Junqian Xu,Essa Yacoub +25 more
TL;DR: The Human Connectome Project (HCP) as discussed by the authors is a 5-year effort to characterize brain connectivity and function and their variability in healthy adults using diffusion imaging (dMRI), resting-state fMRI, task-evoked fMRI (T-fMRI), T1-and T2-weighted MRI for structural and myelin mapping, plus combined magnetoencephalography (MEG/EEG).
Journal ArticleDOI
The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease: an appraisal for the development of therapeutics.
TL;DR: It is timely to review the science underpinning the amyloid cascade hypothesis, consider what type of clinical trials will constitute a valid test of this hypothesis and explore whether amyloids-β-directed therapeutics will provide the medicines that are urgently needed by society for treating this devastating disease.
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Principles of Neural Science
TL;DR: The principles of neural science as mentioned in this paper have been used in neural networks for the purpose of neural network engineering and neural networks have been applied in the field of neural networks, such as:
Journal ArticleDOI
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules
Journal ArticleDOI
Principles of Neural Science
TL;DR: The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or her own research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus
Peter S. Eriksson,Ekaterina Perfilieva,Thomas Björk-Eriksson,Ann Marie Alborn,Claes Nordborg,Daniel A. Peterson,Fred H. Gage +6 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that new neurons, as defined by these markers, are generated from dividing progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of adult humans, indicating that the human hippocampus retains its ability to generate neurons throughout life.
Journal ArticleDOI
NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates.
R.J. Mullen,C.R. Buck,A.M. Smith +2 more
TL;DR: The expression of NeuN is observed in most neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system of adult mice, but some major cell types appear devoid of immunoreactivity including cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory bulb mitral cells, and retinal photoreceptor cells.