ERK and cell death: Mechanisms of ERK‐induced cell death – apoptosis, autophagy and senescence
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The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal activity.Abstract:
The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal activity. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, ERK activity will mediate different antiproliferative events, such as apoptosis, autophagy and senescence in vitro and in vivo. ERK activity can promote either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways by induction of mitochondrial cytochrome c release or caspase-8 activation, permanent cell cycle arrest or autophagic vacuolization. These unusual effects require sustained ERK activity in specific subcellular compartments and could depend on the presence of reactive oxygen species. We will summarize the mechanisms involved in Ras/Raf/ERK antiproliferative functions.read more
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References
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Reactive Oxygen Species Promote TNFα-Induced Death and Sustained JNK Activation by Inhibiting MAP Kinase Phosphatases
TL;DR: It is shown that TNFalpha-induced ROS, whose accumulation is suppressed by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, cause oxidation and inhibition of JNK-inactivating phosphatases by converting their catalytic cysteine to sulfenic acid, which results in sustained JNK activation, which is required for cytochrome c release and caspase 3 cleavage.