Estimates of global prevalence of childhood underweight in 1990 and 2015.
TL;DR: An overall improvement in the global situation is anticipated; however, neither the world as a whole, nor the developing regions, are expected to achieve the Millennium Development goals.
Abstract: ContextOne key target of the United Nations Millennium Development goals is
to reduce the prevalence of underweight among children younger than 5 years
by half between 1990 and 2015.ObjectiveTo estimate trends in childhood underweight by geographic regions of
the world.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsTime series study of prevalence of underweight, defined as weight 2
SDs below the mean weight for age of the National Center for Health Statistics
and World Health Organization (WHO) reference population. National prevalence
rates derived from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition,
which includes data on approximately 31 million children younger than 5 years
who participated in 419 national nutritional surveys in 139 countries from
1965 through 2002.Main Outcome MeasuresLinear mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate prevalence rates
and numbers of underweight children by region in 1990 and 2015 and to calculate
the changes (ie, increase or decrease) to these values between 1990 and 2015.ResultsWorldwide, underweight prevalence was projected to decline from 26.5%
in 1990 to 17.6% in 2015, a change of –34% (95% confidence interval
[CI], –43% to –23%). In developed countries, the prevalence was
estimated to decrease from 1.6% to 0.9%, a change of –41% (95% CI, –92%
to 343%). In developing regions, the prevalence was forecasted to decline
from 30.2% to 19.3%, a change of –36% (95% CI, –45% to –26%).
In Africa, the prevalence of underweight was forecasted to increase from 24.0%
to 26.8%, a change of 12% (95% CI, 8%-16%). In Asia, the prevalence was estimated
to decrease from 35.1% to 18.5%, a change of –47% (95% CI, –58%
to –34%). Worldwide, the number of underweight children was projected
to decline from 163.8 million in 1990 to 113.4 million in 2015, a change of
−31% (95% CI, −40% to −20%). Numbers are projected to decrease
in all subregions except the subregions of sub-Saharan, Eastern, Middle, and
Western Africa, which are expected to experience substantial increases in
the number of underweight children.ConclusionsAn overall improvement in the global situation is anticipated; however,
neither the world as a whole, nor the developing regions, are expected to
achieve the Millennium Development goals. This is largely due to the deteriorating
situation in Africa where all subregions, except Northern Africa, are expected
to fail to meet the goal.
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, categorical data analysis was used for categorical classification of categorical categorical datasets.Categorical Data Analysis, categorical Data analysis, CDA, CPDA, CDSA
Abstract: categorical data analysis , categorical data analysis , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
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Abstract: Models for the analysis of longitudinal data must recognize the relationship between serial observations on the same unit. Multivariate models with general covariance structure are often difficult to apply to highly unbalanced data, whereas two-stage random-effects models can be used easily. In two-stage models, the probability distributions for the response vectors of different individuals belong to a single family, but some random-effects parameters vary across individuals, with a distribution specified at the second stage. A general family of models is discussed, which includes both growth models and repeated-measures models as special cases. A unified approach to fitting these models, based on a combination of empirical Bayes and maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters and using the EM algorithm, is discussed. Two examples are taken from a current epidemiological study of the health effects of air pollution.
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TL;DR: Using data of 955 men, Brant et al showed that the average rates of increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP) are smallest in the younger age groups, and greatest in the older agegroups, and that obese individuals tend to have a higher SBP than non-obese individuals.
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