Estimating 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion From Casual Urinary Sodium Concentrations in Western Populations The INTERSALT Study
Ian J. Brown,Alan R. Dyer,Queenie Chan,Mary E. Cogswell,Hirotsugu Ueshima,Jeremiah Stamler,Paul Elliott +6 more
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The utility of casual (spot) urine specimens in estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion as a marker of sodium intake in the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure was assessed in this article.Abstract:
High intakes of dietary sodium are associated with elevated blood pressure levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. National and international guidelines recommend reduced sodium intake in the general population, which necessitates population-wide surveillance. We assessed the utility of casual (spot) urine specimens in estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion as a marker of sodium intake in the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure. There were 5,693 participants recruited in 1984–1987 at the ages of 20–59 years from 29 North American and European samples. Participants were randomly assigned to test or validation data sets. Equations derived from casual urinary sodium concentration and other variables in the test data were applied to the validation data set. Correlations between observed and estimated 24-hour sodium excretion were 0.50 for individual men and 0.51 for individual women; the values were 0.79 and 0.71, respectively, for population samples. Bias in mean values (observed minus estimated) was small; for men and women, the values were −1.6 mmol per 24 hours and 2.3 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the individual level and −1.8 mmol per 24 hours and 2.2 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the population level. Proportions of individuals with urinary 24-hour sodium excretion above the recommended levels were slightly overestimated by the models. Casual urine specimens may be a useful, low-burden, low-cost alternative to 24-hour urine collections for estimation of population sodium intakes; ongoing calibration with study-specific 24-hour urinary collections is recommended to increase validity.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure
Fernando Elijovich,Myron H. Weinberger,Cheryl A.M. Anderson,Lawrence J. Appel,Michael Bursztyn,Nancy R. Cook,Richard A. Dart,Christopher Newton-Cheh,Frank M. Sacks,Cheryl L. Laffer +9 more
TL;DR: Understanding of its pivotal mechanisms may lead to specific therapies to decrease the cardiovascular risk associated with this trait in humans, and identification of biochemical or genetic markers of salt-sensitivity for use in the clinic would improve risk stratification of hypertensive and prehypertensive subjects.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring Population Sodium Intake: A Review of Methods
TL;DR: Studies suggest that while spot urinary sodium is a poor predictor of 24-h excretion in individuals, it may provide population estimates adequate for monitoring, and further research is needed into the accuracy and suitability of spot urine collection in different populations as a means of monitoring sodium intake.
Journal ArticleDOI
Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
Fernando Elijovich,Myron H. Weinberger,Cheryl A.M. Anderson,Lawrence J. Appel,Michael Bursztyn,Nancy R. Cook,Richard A. Dart,Christopher Newton-Cheh,Frank M. Sacks,Cheryl L. Laffer +9 more
TL;DR: The simplest definition of salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) states that it is a physiological trait present in rodents and other mammals, including humans, by which the blood pressure of some members of the population exhibits changes parallel to changes in salt intake as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries
Andrew Mente,Martin O'Donnell,Gilles R. Dagenais,Andy Wielgosz,Scott A. Lear,Matthew J. McQueen,Ying Jiang,Wang Xingyu,Bo Jian,K. Burco T. Calik,Ayşe Arzu Akalın,Prem Mony,Anitha Devanath,Afzal Yusufali,Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo,Alvaro Avezum,Khaled Yusoff,Annika Rosengren,Lanthe Kruger,Andres Orlandini,Sumathi Rangarajan,Koon K. Teo,Salim Yusuf +22 more
TL;DR: In a diverse population, the Kawasaki formula is the most valid and least biased method of estimating 24-h sodium excretion from a single MFU and is suitable for population studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18–39 y
Mary E. Cogswell,Chia-Yih Wang,Te Ching Chen,Christine M. Pfeiffer,Paul Elliott,Cathleen D. Gillespie,Alicia L. Carriquiry,Christopher T. Sempos,Kiang Liu,Cria G. Perrine,Christine A. Swanson,Kathleen L. Caldwell,Catherine M. Loria +12 more
TL;DR: Using a single spot urine, INTERSALT equations may provide the least biased information about population mean sodium intakes among young US adults.
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