Estimating Wind Speed and Direction Using Wave Spectra
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References
1,792 citations
"Estimating Wind Speed and Direction..." refers background in this paper
...(4) Here, 𝜐 is the kinematic viscosity of air and 𝛼 is the Charnock parameter (Charnock, 1955; Edson et al., 2013)....
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...Common values are 𝛽 (≈ 0.012, Juszko et al., 1995), 𝛼 (≈ 0.012, Charnock, 1955), and I(p) (≈ 2.5, Thomson et al., 2013), but it is expected that optimal values for this inversion depends on the observation platform used and the associated response to the surface wave field....
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858 citations
"Estimating Wind Speed and Direction..." refers background in this paper
...As a result, the momentum transfer (or wind stress) directly affects the form of the spectral tail (Makin et al., 1995)....
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656 citations
"Estimating Wind Speed and Direction..." refers background in this paper
...…by wave breaking Sdiss and nonlinear wave-wave interaction Snl, which may be approximated through a spectral energy balance of the form (e.g., Holthuijsen, 2010): dE dt = Sin + Snl + Sdiss (1) where E(𝑓 ) is the spectral energy density in the frequency domain 𝑓 and all terms in equation…...
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499 citations
"Estimating Wind Speed and Direction..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…u∗ values to surface wind speeds, we assume a logarithmic wind speed profile U(z) so that U(z) = u∗ 𝜅 ln ( z z0 ) , (3) where 𝜅 = 0.41 is the Von Karman constant and z0 is the ocean surface roughness length, which is typically parametrized as (Edson et al., 2013) z0 = 0.11 𝜐 u∗ + 𝛼 u2∗ g ....
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...For wind speed below 3 m/s the viscous stress dominates, while the wave-induced stress (or form drag) is responsible for the majority of momentum exchange between the wind and the ocean surface for U10 ≳ 7 m/s (Donelan et al., 2006; Edson et al., 2013; Wu, 1969)....
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...41 is the Von Karman constant and z0 is the ocean surface roughness length, which is typically parametrized as (Edson et al., 2013)...
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...Here, υ is the kinematic viscosity of air and α is the Charnock parameter (Charnock, 1955; Edson et al., 2013)....
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...(4) Here, 𝜐 is the kinematic viscosity of air and 𝛼 is the Charnock parameter (Charnock, 1955; Edson et al., 2013)....
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423 citations
"Estimating Wind Speed and Direction..." refers methods in this paper
...We use the lowest-order Fourier coefficients of the directional distribution to estimate the mean direction for each frequency (e.g., Kuik et al., 1988): 𝜃(𝑓 ) = 270◦ − 180 ◦ 𝜋 atan2 ( b1( 𝑓 ) a1( 𝑓 ) ) (13) where a1 and b1 are the Fourier coefficients....
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