Estrogen treatment and periodontal disease progression: an experimental study in ovariectomized rats
TL;DR: Investigation of different periods of estrogen replacement therapy onset on the progression of experimental periodontitis in ovariectomized rats indicated that estrogen-deficient state may not have a direct effect on the alveolar bone adjacent to the maxillary second molar roots.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate different periods of estrogen replacement therapy onset on the progression of experimental periodontitis in ovariectomized rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty five female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and divided into two groups, experimental and control that received 17s estradiol or vehicle, respectively. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups that started the treatment immediately, one, two, three and four weeks after the ovariectomy. A month after ovariectomy, a cotton ligature was placed around the maxillary second molars. Thirty five days after ligature placement, the animals were killed. It was analyzed the macroscopic, radiographic, microscopic and histometric aspects of the periodontal area. RESULTS: The results indicated that estrogen-deficient state may not have a direct effect on the alveolar bone adjacent to the maxillary second molar roots. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this experiment, estrogen replacement therapy did not delay the progression of induced periodontitis. KEYWORDS: Estradiol; osteoporosis, ovariectomy; periodontal diseases.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency, and concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontal disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodont ligament fibers.
Abstract: The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The host may modulate periodontal inflammatory reactions and it determines variances in the individual susceptibility and in the periodontal disease progression speed. Osteoporosis and alcoholism are described as risk indicators of periodontal disease among the systemic acquired factors. Objective: The current study aims to analyze chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Sixty rats approximately 90 days old were used in the experiment; they were divided into two groups: correlated surgery (OVZ) or surgical ovariectomy simulation (SHAM). Each group was divided into three subgroups: (C) control diet, (A) ethanol containing 20% liquid diet and (I) par-fed control diet. Thirty days after castration the diet and the experimental periodontitis induction were kept for 56 days. Interproximal regions between the first and the second lower left molar and the respective contralateral site without periodontal disease induction were assessed for inflammatory features. Results: Hormone deficiency resulted in important inflammatory changes concerning the meaning of SHAM-C and OVZ-C. The ethanol diet has resulted in inflammatory changes to both groups SHAM-A and OVZ-A in the absence of periodontitis, with also greater severity when combined with ovariectomy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodontal ligament fibers. Keywords Alcoholism; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Periodontal disease.
2 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodontal ligament fibers.
Abstract: The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.The host may modulate periodontal inflammatory reactions and it determines variances in the individual susceptibility and in the periodontal disease progression speed. Osteoporosis and alcoholism are described as risk indicators of periodontal disease among the systemic acquired factors. Objective: The current study aims to analyze chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Sixty rats approximately 90 days old were used in the experiment; they were divided into two groups: correlated surgery (OVZ) or surgical ovariectomy simulation (SHAM). Each group was divided into three subgroups: (C) control diet, (A) ethanol containing 20% liquid diet and (I) par-fed control diet. Thirty days after castration the diet and the experimental periodontitis induction were kept for 56 days. Interproximal regions between the first and the second lower left molar and the respective contralateral site without periodontal disease induction were assessed for inflammatory features. Results: Hormone deficiency resulted in important inflammatory changes concerning the meaning of SHAM-C and OVZ-C. The ethanol diet has resulted in inflammatory changes to both groupsSHAM-A and OVZ-A in the absence of periodontitis, with also greater severity when combined with ovariectomy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the
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TL;DR: In this article, a histomorphometrically analyzed the trabecular structural changes of mandibular alveolar bone in ovariectomized rats were used to clarify the relationship between estrogen deficiency and tooth loss.
Abstract: An association between postmenopausal osteoporosis and tooth loss has been proposed. However, histomorphometrical changes in alveolar bone following estrogen deficiency are rarely reported with data on microtrabecular structural changes. To clarify the relationship between estrogen deficiency and tooth loss, we histomorphometrically analyzed the trabecular structural changes of mandibular alveolar bone in ovariectomized rats. Twenty-four adult female Fischer rats were used. Eight rats were sacrificed on day 0 (baseline). The remaining 16 rats were divided into two groups. One group was ovariectomized bilaterally (OVX) and the other group was subjected to sham surgery (Sham). After administration of tetracycline and calcein, the animals were sacrificed 60 days after surgery. Bone histomorphometry, node-strut analysis and measurement of thickness of alveolar bone proper were performed on the interradicular septum of the first molar on the sagittal surface. The trabecular bone volume and trabecular number of the OVX group were significantly lower than those of the baseline and Sham groups. All of the bone resorptive and formative parameters of the OVX group were significantly higher (about one-and-a-half times) than those of the Sham group. Several osteoclasts were seen lining the irregular, eroded surface facing the bone marrow in the OVX group. Furthermore, the OVX group tended to have low microtrabecular stiffness and showed significantly thinner distal alveolar bone proper than in the baseline and Sham groups. In summary, estrogen deficiency caused osteoporotic changes and thin alveolar bone proper in the interradicular septum of rat first molar. This phenomenon might accelerate destruction of alveolar bone and tooth loss, especially in elderly women affected by periodontal disease.
124 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that future studies would benefit from applying both methods to assess alveolar bone loss in rats, since the morphometric method mainly measures horizontal bone loss, whereas the radiographic method detects intrabony interproximal defects.
Abstract: Several methods have been applied to measure periodontal disease in rats. The purpose of the present study was to test the reproducibility of a morphometric and a radiographic method and to describe the correlation between the two methods. Periodontal bone loss on 25 defleshed rat heads was assessed under microscopic by measuring the distances from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest at 36 buccal sites in each animal. On magnified radiographs from 25 rat mandibles periodontal bone support was expressed by the ratio apex-deepest bony defect: apex-cusp tip distally on first molars. All measurements were performed blind and in duplicate on two separate occasions. The bilateral 95% confidence limits for the error of method of measurement were estimated from the t-distribution. In a second experiment 50 rat heads were assessed by both methods, and the correlation between the recordings was estimated by the Spearman rank correlation analysis. Compared to the considerable total variation in the material, the variations due to error of methods of measurement were small, i.e. the reproducibility of both methods was satisfactory. A significant correlation was found between the methods. Since the morphometric method mainly measures horizontal bone loss, whereas the radiographic method detects intrabony interproximal defects, it is concluded that future studies would benefit from applying both methods to assess alveolar bone loss in rats.
116 citations
"Estrogen treatment and periodontal ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The wide divergence in the literature may be related to several factors such as the sample used, the method of analysis, the region, nutritional status, the time of analysis and the association with other drugs [2,14,18,26-30]....
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...The specimens were immersed into methylene blue (Labsynth-Diadema, SP Brazil) to delineate more clearly the cementoenamel (CEJ) junction [18]....
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TL;DR: A significant association between osteoporosis and tooth loss after adjusting the effect for age and smoking is established.
Abstract: Aim: To determine the cross-sectional association of the osteoporotic status of patients with the number of their teeth, with and without taking into account age and/or smoking.
Material & Methods: At four centres, the study recruited 665 females aged 45–70 years and the number of teeth was counted for 651 subjects. Bone density was measured at the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine.
Results: The mean number of teeth in the osteoporotic subjects was 3.3 fewer than normal subjects and 2.1 fewer if those with no teeth were excluded. The association between osteoporosis and having 0, three clusters were identified corresponding to different degrees of tooth loss. The overall effect of osteoporosis was as follows: −1.8 teeth before and after adjusting for smoking, −1.2 teeth after adjusting for age, and −1.1 teeth after adjusting for both age and smoking.
Conclusions: We have established a significant association between osteoporosis and tooth loss after adjusting the effect for age and smoking.
101 citations
"Estrogen treatment and periodontal ..." refers background in this paper
...It has been suggested that estrogen deficiency may be a risk factor for tooth loss [3,13,24,25], might affect dental implant success or compromise osseous support in totally edentulous subjects, leading to difficulty in wearing dentures....
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...[13] evaluated 665 women, aged 45–70 years and established a significant association between osteoporosis and tooth loss after adjusting the effect for age and smoking....
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TL;DR: Results indicate that m-BMD loss is associated with periodontitis in Japanese women, and with tooth loss after menopause, as measured by computed x-ray densitometry.
Abstract: The relationship between periodontitis and systemic bone mineral density in Japanese women is undetermined. We tested the hypothesis that periodontitis was more frequent in women with low metacarpal bone mineral density (m-BMD). Subjects were 190 Japanese women (89 premenopausal, 101 post-menopausal). Periodontal status was evaluated according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need (CPITN). M-BMD was measured by computed x-ray densitometry. The proportion of subjects with periodontitis (CPITN > or = 3) increased as m-BMD decreased in pre-menopausal (18.2%, 36.9%, and 66.6% in the normal, borderline, and very low m-BMD groups, p < 0.02) and post-menopausal women (41.5%, 54.8%, 60%, and 68.4% in the normal, borderline, low, and very low m-BMD groups, p < 0.05). Among post-menopausal women, those with very low m-BMD had fewer teeth present than women with normal m-BMD (19.9+/-7.2 vs. 25.1+/-4.1, p < 0.01). These results indicate that m-BMD loss is associated with periodontitis in Japanese women, and with tooth loss after menopause.
99 citations
"Estrogen treatment and periodontal ..." refers background in this paper
...It has been suggested that estrogen deficiency may be a risk factor for tooth loss [3,13,24,25], might affect dental implant success or compromise osseous support in totally edentulous subjects, leading to difficulty in wearing dentures....
[...]
95 citations
"Estrogen treatment and periodontal ..." refers background in this paper
...Papers addressing the relationships among osteoporosis, estrogen deficiency and periodontitis have been published [2,3,6,20-23]....
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