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Journal ArticleDOI

Estrogenic and mutagenic activities of Crotalaria pallida measured by recombinant yeast assay and Ames test

TL;DR: Considering the excellent estrogenic activity performed by stigmasterol in the RYA associated with the absence of mutagenic activity when evaluated by the Ames test, stig masterol becomes a strong candidate to be used in hormone replacement therapy during menopause.
Abstract: Crotalaria pallida Ailton is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, popularly known as “rattle or rattlesnake” and used in traditional medicine to treat swelling of the joints and as a vermifuge. Previous pharmacological studies have also reported anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Nevertheless, scientific information regarding this species is scarce, and there are no reports related to its possible estrogenic and mutagenic effects. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the estrogenic potential of C. pallida leaves by means of the Recombinant Yeast Assay (RYA), seeking an alternative for estrogen replacement therapy during menopause; and to reflect on the safe use of natural products to assess the mutagenic activity of the crude extract from C. pallida leaves, the dichloromethane fraction and stigmasterol by means of the Ames test. The recombinant yeast assay with the strain BY4741 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was performed with the ethanolic extract, dichloromethane fraction and stigmasterol isolated from the leaves of C. pallida. Mutagenic activity was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), using the Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA98, TA97 and TA102, with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolization, by the preincubation method. All samples showed estrogenic activity, mainly stigmasterol. The ethanolic extract from C. pallida leaves showed mutagenic activity in the TA98 strain (-S9), whereas dichloromethane fraction and stigmasterol were found devoid of activity. Considering the excellent estrogenic activity performed by stigmasterol in the RYA associated with the absence of mutagenic activity when evaluated by the Ames test, stigmasterol becomes a strong candidate to be used in hormone replacement therapy during menopause.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive summary of more than 450 estrogenic chemicals including estrogenic endocrine disruptors is provided here to understand the complex and profound impact of estrogen action.

193 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Applications of estrogenic terpenes and terpenoids are categorized into cancer treatment and prevention, cardioprotection, endocrine toxicity/reproductive dysfunction, food/supplement/traditional medicine, immunology/inflammation, menopausal syndromes and neuroprotection, where their benefits are discussed based on their availability, stability and variations.

55 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Stigmasterol (E) ER/Traditional medicine Boldrin et al. (2013) (R)...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present results promise to provide new avenues to further evaluate the potential of the phytocompound taraxerol in vitro and in vivo towards its successful deployment as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor and combat the catastrophic COVID-19.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has rattled global public health, with researchers struggling to find specific therapeutic solutions In this context, the present s

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current studies on ethnomedicinal practices, phytochemistry, pharmacological studies and a potential study of Acalypha indica in different locations around the world to provide a useful and basic knowledge platform for anyone interested in gaining information about this plant.

49 citations


Cites background from "Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..."

  • ...The raw leaves are very useful for abortion since it has stigmasterol which affects estrogenic activity (Boldrin et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The leaves of Tridax procumbens were screened for the presence of bioactive molecules and the results showed that they had high flavonoids, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamates, tannins and phytosterols, moderate benzoic acid derivatives and lignans, and low carotenoids contents as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The leaves of Tridax procumbens were screened for the presence of bioactive molecules. They had high flavonoids, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamates, tannins and phytosterols, moderate benzoic acid derivatives and lignans, and low carotenoids contents. Thirty nine known alkaloids (mainly akuammidine, 68.756%), twenty three known flavonoids (mainly 17.593% kaempferol and 12.538% (-)-epicatechin), five known carotenoids (mainly lutein, 62.608%), four known benzoic acid derivatives (mainly ferulic acid, 46.091%), two phytosterols (mainly stigmasterol, 80.853%) and six known lignans (mainly galgravin, 77.326%) were detected. Also detected were caffeic acid and tannic acid. The medicinal properties of the flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids, tannins, hydroxicinnamates, carotenoids, benzoic acid derivatives and lignans that were present in the leaves were discussed herein and proposed to be explored for their potential medicinal values. The great number of potentially active nutrients and their multifunctional properties make Tridax procumbens a perfect candidate for the production of health-promoting food and food supplements.

28 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Stigmasterol has anti-osteoarthritic, anti-hypercholestrolemic, cytotoxicity, antitumor, thyroid inhibiting, hypoglycemic, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant and sedative [69], chemopreventive, anticancer, estrogenic [70] activities....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two new tester strains, a frameshift strain and a strain carrying an ochre mutation on a multicopy plasmid (TA102), are added to the standard tester set and two substitutions are made in diagnostic mutagens to eliminate MNNG and 9-aminoacridine.
Abstract: The methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella mutagenicity test were described previously (Ames et al., 1975b). The present paper is a revision of the methods. Two new tester strains, a frameshift strain (TA97) and a strain carrying an ochre mutation on a multicopy plasmid (TA102), are added to the standard tester set. TA97 replaces TA1537. TA1535 and TA1538 are removed from the recommended set but can be retained at the option of the investigator. TA98 and TA100 are retained. We discuss other special purpose strains and present some minor changes in procedure, principally in the growth, storage, and preservation of the tester strains. Two substitutions are made in diagnostic mutagens to eliminate MNNG and 9-aminoacridine. Some test modifications are discussed.

7,256 citations


"Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Ames (Berkeley, CA, USA), with (+S9) and without (−S9) metabolization, using the preincubation method [23]....

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Book
28 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Screening of Unknown Commercial Drugs and Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Herbal Drug Mixtures for Pungent-Tasting Principles.
Abstract: Alkaloid Drugs.- Drugs Containing Anthracene Derivatives.- Bitter Drugs.- Cardiac Glycoside Drugs.- Coumarin Drugs.- Drugs Containing Essential Oils (Aetherolea), Balsams and Oleo-Gum-Resins.- Flavonoid Drugs Including Ginkgo Biloba and Echinaceae Species.- Drugs Containing Arbutin, Salicin and Salicoyl Derivatives.- Drugs Containing Cannabinoids and Kavapyrones.- Drugs Containing Lignans.- Drugs Containing 1,4-Naphthoquinones Droserae herba, Dionaeae herba.- Drugs Containing Pigments.- Drugs with Pungent-Tasting Principles.- Saponin Drugs.- Drugs Containing Sweet-Tasting Terpene Glycosides.- Drugs Containing Triterpenes.- Drugs Containing Valepotriates (Valerianae radix).- Screening of Unknown Commercial Drugs.- Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Herbal Drug Mixtures.

2,078 citations


"Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The extracts were monitored using TLC-silica gel 60-F254 precoated Al sheets, using chloroform: methanol: n-propanol:water (5:6:1:4, v:v) as developing solvent, visualized using UV (254 and 366 nm) and anisaldehyde sulphuric acid spray [16], until total depletion of the drug....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A scholarly review of the published literature on menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT), make scientifically valid assessments of the available data, and grade the level of evidence available for each clinically important endpoint to arrive at major conclusions.
Abstract: Objective: Our objective was to provide a scholarly review of the published literature on menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT), make scientifically valid assessments of the available data, and grade the level of evidence available for each clinically important endpoint. Participants in Development of Scientific Statement: The 12-member Scientific Statement Task Force of The Endocrine Society selected the leader of the statement development group (R.J.S.) and suggested experts with expertise in specific areas. In conjunction with the Task Force, lead authors (n = 25) and peer reviewers (n = 14) for each specific topic were selected. All discussions regarding content and grading of evidence occurred via teleconference or electronic and written correspondence. No funding was provided to any expert or peer reviewer, and all participants volunteered their time to prepare this Scientific Statement. Evidence: Each expert conducted extensive literature searches of case control, cohort, and randomized controlled tria...

605 citations


"Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..." refers background in this paper

  • ...during menopause, without the undesirable effects of estrogen, such as the elevation of breast cancer incidence [9,10]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings from Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary PS may offer protection from the most common cancers in Western societies, such as colon, breast and prostate cancer, and the possible mechanisms by which PS offer this protection are summarized.
Abstract: Phytosterols (PS) or plant sterols are structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common PS are beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary PS may offer protection from the most common cancers in Western societies, such as colon, breast and prostate cancer. This review summarizes the findings of these studies and the possible mechanisms by which PS offer this protection. These include the effect of PS on membrane structure and function of tumor and host tissue, signal transduction pathways that regulate tumor growth and apoptosis, immune function of the host and cholesterol metabolism by the host. In addition, suggestions for future studies to fill the gaps in our knowledge have been given.

583 citations


"Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The exact mechanism by which phytosteroids offer protection against cancer is not understood, but there are theories proposing their effect on the structure of cell membranes, on the fluidity of cell membranes, on enzymes bound to membranes, on signal transduction pathways, on apoptosis, on membrane integrity, on the immune function, on the estrogenic properties on the tissue and on acids and neutral steroids in the colon [31]....

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  • ...Chemically, they are alcohols consisting of 28 or 29 carbon atoms, similar to cholesterol [31]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A small number of adequately controlled human intervention studies suggest that some, but not allpolyphenol extracts or high polyphenol diets may lead to transitory changes in the antioxidative capacity of plasma in humans, but none of these studies have adequately considered long-term effects on DNA or the chromosome.
Abstract: Polyphenols are a large and diverse class of compounds, many of which occur naturally in a range of food plants. The flavonoids are the largest and best-studied group of these. A range of plant polyphenols are either being actively developed or currently sold as dietary supplements and/or herbal remedies. Although, these compounds play no known role in nutrition (non-nutrients), many of them have properties including antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-oestrogenic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects that might potentially be beneficial in preventing disease and protecting the stability of the genome. However not all polyphenols and not all actions of individual polyphenols are necessarily beneficial. Some have mutagenic and/or pro-oxidant effects, as well as interfering with essential biochemical pathways including topoisomerase enzyme activities, prostanoid biosynthesis and signal transduction. There is a very large amount of in vitro data available, but far fewer animal studies, and these are not necessarily predictive of human effects because of differences in bacterial and hepatic metabolism of polyphenols between species. Epidemiological studies suggest that high green tea consumption in the Japanese population and moderate red wine consumption in the French population may be beneficial for heart disease and cancer, and these effects may relate to specific polyphenols. A small number of adequately controlled human intervention studies suggest that some, but not all polyphenol extracts or high polyphenol diets may lead to transitory changes in the antioxidative capacity of plasma in humans. However, none of these studies have adequately considered long-term effects on DNA or the chromosome and unequivocally associated these with polyphenol uptake. Furthermore, clinical trials have required intravenously administered polyphenols at concentrations around 1400mg/m(2) before effects are seen. These plasma concentrations are unlikely to be achieved using the dietary supplements currently available. More focused human studies are necessary before recommending specific polyphenolic supplements at specific doses in the human population.

579 citations


"Estrogenic and mutagenic activities..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Flavonoids have some structural similarities to the natural estrogen 17-β-estradiol, as well as to other steroid hormones and steroid hormone antagonists [26], and can interact with the ER and induce gene expression similar to that induced by estrogens, albeit at a lower affinity [27]....

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