EurOtop wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures: assessment manual
01 Jan 2007-
About: The article was published on 2007-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 337 citations till now.
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TL;DR: Hydrodynamic modelling and multivariate statistics are used to show that shallow coastal areas are extremely sensitive to changing non-linear interactions between individual components caused by SLR, suggesting the overall influence of SLR may be greatly underestimated in many regions.
Abstract: Coastal protection design heights typically consider the superimposed effects of tides, surges, waves, and relative sea-level rise (SLR), neglecting non-linear feedbacks between these forcing factors. Here, we use hydrodynamic modelling and multivariate statistics to show that shallow coastal areas are extremely sensitive to changing non-linear interactions between individual components caused by SLR. As sea-level increases, the depth-limitation of waves relaxes, resulting in waves with larger periods, greater amplitudes, and higher run-up; moreover, depth and frictional changes affect tide, surge, and wave characteristics, altering the relative importance of other risk factors. Consequently, sea-level driven changes in wave characteristics, and to a lesser extent, tides, amplify the resulting design heights by an average of 48–56%, relative to design changes caused by SLR alone. Since many of the world’s most vulnerable coastlines are impacted by depth-limited waves, our results suggest that the overall influence of SLR may be greatly underestimated in many regions.
171 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of vegetation on wave damping under severe storm conditions, based on a combination of field measurements and numerical modelling, is analyzed and validated using the new field data.
156 citations
Cites background from "EurOtop wave overtopping of sea def..."
...Because of the exponential relation between overtopping discharge and wave height (EurOtop, 2007), the presence of a vegetated foreshore might make the difference between a significant overtopping discharge and full absence of overtopping....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the existing capability for combined modelling of tides, surges and waves, their interactions and the development of coupled models, and their interactions with surface wind-stress and bottom friction as well as depth and current refraction of waves by surge water levels and currents.
Abstract: Wind waves and elevated water levels together can cause flooding in low-lying coastal areas, where the water level may be a combination of mean sea level, tides and surges generated by storm events. In areas with a wide continental shelf a travelling external surge may combine with the locally generated surge and waves and there can be significant interaction between the propagation of the tide and surge. Wave height at the coast is controlled largely by water depth. So the effect of tides and surges on waves must also be considered, while waves contribute to the total water level by means of wave setup through radiation stress. These processes are well understood and accurately predicted by models, assuming good bathymetry and wind forcing is available. Other interactions between surges and waves include the processes of surface wind-stress and bottom friction as well as depth and current refraction of waves by surge water levels and currents, and some of the details of these processes are still not well understood. The recent coastal flooding in Myanmar (May 2008) in the Irrawaddy River Delta is an example of the severity of such events, with a surge of over 3 m exacerbated by heavy precipitation. Here, we review the existing capability for combined modelling of tides, surges and waves, their interactions and the development of coupled models.
143 citations
Cites background from "EurOtop wave overtopping of sea def..."
...See Pullen et al. (2007) for the coastal engineering approach to overtopping....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a wave load and average wave overtopping rate at the rear side of the breakwater and in the front reservoir are discussed on the basis of physical 2D model tests carried out at Aalborg University (DK).
130 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee with a trapezoidal cross section was studied in a two-dimensional laboratory wave/flow flume at a nominal prototype-to-model length scale of 25 to 1.
107 citations