Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

doi:10.1139/T98-017

Home
/
Papers
/
Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

01 Jun 1998-Canadian Geotechnical Journal (NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada)-Vol. 35, Iss: 3, pp 442-459

TL;DR: In this article, the phenomena of soil liquefaction are described, and suitable definitions and definitions are provided for these phenomena are reviewed and an update of the existing definitions is provided.

read less

Abstract: Soil liquefaction is a major concern for structures constructed with or on sandy soils. This paper describes the phenomena of soil liquefaction, reviews suitable definitions, and provides an update...

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils

[...]

T. L. Youd, Izzat M. Idriss

01 Oct 2001-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

TL;DR: In 1996, a workshop sponsored by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) was convened by Professors T. L. Youd and I. M. Idriss with 20 experts to review developments over the previous 10 years as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Following disastrous earthquakes in Alaska and in Niigata, Japan in 1964, Professors H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss developed and published a methodology termed the ''simplified procedure'' for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils. This procedure has become a standard of practice throughout North America and much of the world. The methodology which is largely empirical, has evolved over years, primarily through summary papers by H. B. Seed and his colleagues. No general review or update of the procedure has occurred, however, since 1985, the time of the last major paper by Professor Seed and a report from a National Research Council workshop on liquefaction of soils. In 1996 a workshop sponsored by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) was convened by Professors T. L. Youd and I. M. Idriss with 20 experts to review developments over the previous 10 years. The purpose was to gain consensus on updates and augmen- tations to the simplified procedure. The following topics were reviewed and recommendations developed: (1) criteria based on standard penetration tests; (2) criteria based on cone penetration tests; (3) criteria based on shear-wave velocity measurements; (4) use of the Becker penetration test for gravelly soil; (4) magnitude scaling factors; (5) correction factors for overburden pressures and sloping ground; and (6) input values for earthquake magnitude and peak acceleration. Probabilistic and seismic energy analyses were reviewed but no recommen- dations were formulated.

...read moreread less

1,766 citations

Cites background or methods from "Evaluating cyclic liquefaction pote..."

...Reasons for recommending the Robertson and Wride (1998) procedure over that of Olsen are the ease of application and the ease with which relationships can be quantified for computer-aided calculations....
[...]
...4 provides curves prepared by Robertson and Wride (1998) for direct determination of CRR for clean sands (FC # 5...
[...]
...where Kc, the correction factor for grain characteristics, is defined by the following equation (Robertson and Wride 1998):...
[...]
...…following relationship: (q ) = K q (18)c1N cs c c1N where Kc, the correction factor for grain characteristics, is defined by the following equation (Robertson and Wride 1998): for I # 1.64 K = 1.0 (19a)c c 4 3 2for I > 1.64 K = 20.403I 1 5.581I 2 21.63Ic c c c c 1 33.75I 2 17.88c (19b) The Kc…...
[...]
...Some investigators have suggested additional equations for estimating rd at greater depths (Robertson and Wride 1998), but evaluation of liquefaction at these greater depths is beyond the depths where the simplified procedure is verified and where routine applications should be applied....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity

[...]

Ronald D. Andrus¹, Ronald D. Andrus², Kenneth H. Stokoe•Institutions (2)

Clemson University¹, National Institute of Standards and Technology²

01 Nov 2000-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

TL;DR: A simplified procedure using shear-wave velocity measurements for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of soils is presented in this paper, which follows the general format of the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure based on standard penetration test blow count.

...read moreread less

Abstract: A simplified procedure using shear-wave velocity measurements for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of soils is presented. The procedure was developed in cooperation with industry, researchers, and practitioners and evolved from workshops in 1996 and 1998. It follows the general format of the Seed-Idriss simplified procedure based on standard penetration test blow count and was developed using case history data from 26 earthquakes and >70 measurement sites in soils ranging from fine sand to sandy gravel with cobbles to profiles including silty clay layers. Liquefaction resistance curves were established by applying a modified relationship between the shear-wave velocity and cyclic stress ratio for the constant average cyclic shear strain suggested by R. Dobry. These curves correctly predicted moderate to high liquefaction potential for >95% of the liquefaction case histories and are shown to be consistent with the standard penetration test based curves in sandy soils. A case study is provided to illustrate application of the procedure. Additional data are needed, particularly from denser soil deposits shaken by stronger ground motions, to further validate the simplified procedure.

...read moreread less

665 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes

[...]

Izzat M. Idriss¹, Ross W. Boulanger¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

01 Feb 2006-Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, semi-empirical procedures for evaluating the liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soils during earthquakes are re-examined and revised relations for use in practice are recommended.

...read moreread less

651 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Interpretation of cone penetration tests — a unified approach

[...]

Peter K. Robertson¹•Institutions (1)

University of Alberta¹

10 Nov 2009-Canadian Geotechnical Journal

TL;DR: The electric cone penetration test (CPT) has been in use for over 40 years and is growing in popularity in North America as discussed by the authors, and some recent updates on the interpretation of some key g...

...read moreread less

Abstract: The electric cone penetration test (CPT) has been in use for over 40 years and is growing in popularity in North America. This paper provides some recent updates on the interpretation of some key g...

...read moreread less

647 citations

Cites background or methods from "Evaluating cyclic liquefaction pote..."

...For soft soils, that falls within the lower part of the Qt1–Fr chart (e.g., Qt1 < 20); Ic is insensitive to fs. Robertson and Wride (1998) and the update by Zhang et al. (2002) suggested a normalized cone parameter with a variable stress exponent, n, where ½6 Qtn ¼ ½ðqt svoÞ=pa ðpa=s 0voÞn where…...
[...]
...Robertson and Wride (1998) modified the definition of Ic to apply to the Robertson (1990) Qt1–Fr chart, as defined by ½5 Ic ¼ ð3:47 logQtlÞ2 þ ðlogFr þ 1:22Þ2 0:5 Contours of Ic are shown in Fig....
[...]
...Robertson and Wride (1998) suggested that the approximate boundary between sand-like and clay-like behaviour is around Ic = 2.60....
[...]

Recent Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering: A Unified and Consistent Framework

[...]

Raymond B. Seed, K. Onder Cetin, Robb E.S. Moss, Annie M. Kammerer, Jiaer Wu, Juan M. Pestana, Michael F. Riemer, Rodolfo B. Sancio, Jonathan D. Bray, Robert E. Kayen, Allison T. Faris - Show less +7 more

01 Jan 2003

TL;DR: The field of soil liquefaction engineering has evolved into a sub-field in its own right, and engineering assessment and mitigation of seismic soil liquidation hazard is increasingly well addressed in both research and practice as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Over the past decade, major advances have occurred in both understanding and practice with regard to assessment and mitigation of hazard associated with seismically induced soil liquefaction. Soil liquefaction engineering has evolved into a sub-field in its own right, and engineering assessment and mitigation of seismic soil liquefaction hazard is increasingly well addressed in both research and practice. This rapid evolution in the treatment of liquefaction has been pushed largely by a confluence of lessons and data provided by a series of major earthquakes over the past dozen years, as well as by the research and professional/political will engendered by these major seismic events. The overall field of soil liquefaction engineering is now beginning to coalesce into an internally consistent and comprehensive framework, and one in which the various elements are increasingly mutually supportive of each other. Although the rate of progress has been laudable, further advances are occurring, and more remains to be done. As we enter a “new millenium”, engineers are increasingly well able to deal with important aspects of soil liquefaction engineering. This paper will highlight a number of important recent and ongoing developments in soil liquefaction engineering, and will offer insights regarding research in progress, as well as suggestions regarding further advances needed. 1 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. 2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. 3 Fugro Engineering, Santa Barbara, California. 4 Arup, San Francisco, California. 5 URS Corporation, Oakland, California. 6 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Soil liquefaction is a major cause of damage during earthquakes. “Modern” engineering treatment of liquefactionrelated issues evolved initially in the wake of the two devastating earthquakes of 1964; the 1964 Niigata (Japan) and 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquakes. Seismically-induced soil liquefaction produced spectacular and devastating effects in both of these events, thrusting the issue forcefully to the attention of engineers and researchers. Over the nearly four decades that have followed, significant progress has occurred. Initially, this progress was largely confined to improved ability to assess the likelihood of initiation (or “triggering”) of liquefaction in clean, sandy soils. As the years passed, and earthquakes continued to provide lessons and data, researchers and practitioners became increasingly aware of the additional potential problems associated with both silty and gravelly soils, and the important additional issues of post-liquefaction strength and stressdeformation behavior also began to attract increased attention. Today, the area of “soil liquefaction engineering” is emerging as a semi-mature field of practice in its own right. This area now involves a number of discernable sub-issues or subtopics, as illustrated schematically in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, the first step in most engineering treatments of soil liquefaction continues to be (1) assessment of “liquefaction potential”, or the risk of “triggering” (initiation) of liquefaction. There have been major advances here in recent years, and some of these will be discussed. Once it is determined that occurrence of liquefaction is a potentially serious risk/hazard, the process next proceeds to assessment of the consequences of the potential liquefaction. This, now, increasingly involves (2) assessment of available post-liquefaction strength, and resulting post-liquefaction overall stability (of a site, and/or of a structure or other built facilities, etc.). There has been considerable progress in

...read moreread less

323 citations

Cites methods from "Evaluating cyclic liquefaction pote..."

...Owing to its attractive form and simplicity, as well as its endorsement by the NCEER Working Group, the CPT-based correlation of Robertson and Wride (1998) is increasingly used for liquefaction studies....
[...]

1
2
3
4
…
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Book•

Soil mechanics in engineering practice

[...]

Karl Terzaghi, Ralph B. Peck

01 Jan 1948

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the properties of soils and their properties in terms of Hydraulics of Soils, Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Soil Exploration Hydraulic, Mechanical, and Hydraulic properties of soil.

...read moreread less

Abstract: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Index Properties of Soils Soil Exploration Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Soils THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS Hydraulics of Soils Plastic Equilibrium in Soils Settlement and Contact Pressure PROBLEMS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Ground Improvement Earth Pressure and Stability of Slopes Foundations Settlement Due to Extraneous Causes Dams and Dam Foundations References Indexes

...read moreread less

5,136 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential

[...]

H. Bolton Seed¹, Izzat M. Idriss¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

01 Sep 1971-Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division

TL;DR: Significant factors affecting the liquefaction (or cyclic mobility) potential of sands during earthquakes are identified, and a simplified procedure for evaluating the potential of sand during earthquakes is presented as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Significant factors affecting the liquefaction (or cyclic mobility) potential of sands during earthquakes are identified, and a simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential which will take these factors into account is presented Available field data concerning the liquefaction or nonliquefaction behavior of sands during earthquakes is assembled and compared with evaluations of performance using the simplified procedure It is suggested that even the limited available field data can provide a useful guide to the probable performance of other sand deposits, that the proposed method of presenting the data provides a useful framework for evaluating past experiences of sand liquefaction during earthquakes and that the simplified evaluation procedure provides a reasonably good means for extending previous field observations to new situations When greater accuracy is justified, the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure can readily be supplemented by test data on particular soils or by ground response analyses to provide more definitive evaluations

...read moreread less

2,250 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.

[...]

Kenji Ishihara

01 Sep 1993-Geotechnique

TL;DR: In this article, two aspects of seismically-induced liquefaction are discussed which are of vital engineering significance: the triggering condition and the consequences of liquidation, and the evaluation of residual strength requires a better understanding of undrained sand behaviour.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Two aspects of seismically-induced liquefaction are discussed which are of vital engineering significance: the triggering condition and the consequences of liquefaction. The triggering condition is examined with respect to liquefaction analysis, note being taken of the onset condition which is governed by cyclic strength. Consequences of liquefaction are discussed with respect to post-seismic stability analysis, in which the residual strength plays a major role. Procedures used for liquefaction analysis based on the results of in situ sounding tests are introduced, and the applicability of this method for estimating associated ground settlements is discussed. The evaluation of residual strength requires a better understanding of undrained sand behaviour. Results of extensive laboratory rests on Japanese standard sand are examined and new index parameters are proposed to quantify undrained sand behaviour better. The results of laboratory tests on silty sands are examined in the same way. AH the results are...

...read moreread less

1,544 citations

"Evaluating cyclic liquefaction pote..." refers background or methods in this paper

...For this soil state, the response can show limited strain softening (LSS) to a quasi steady state (QSS) ( Ishihara 1993 ), but eventually, at large strains, the response strain hardens to the ultimate state....
[...]
...the fines contained in the sand ( Ishihara 1993 ), Laboratory testing has shown that one of the most importnt index properties influencing CRR is the plasticity index of the fines contained in the sand (Ishihara and Koseki 1989), Ishihara (1993) showed that the (CRR)ix appears to increase with increasing plasticity index....
[...]
...However, experience has shown that the (CRR)ss can be estimated quite well from (CRR)tx, and correction factors have been developed ( Ishihara 1993 ), The CRR is tyically taken at about i 5 cycles of uniform loading to represent an equivalent earthquake loading of magnitude (M) 7,5, i.e., CRR7.5'...
[...]
...may be close to zero with an associated effective confining stress very close to zero ( Ishihara 1993 )....
[...]
...Fig. 5. Comparson between thee CPT-based chars for estimating cyclic resistace ratio (CRR) for clean sands (aftr Ishihara 1993 )....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluations

[...]

H. Bolton Seed, Kohji Tokimatsu, Leslie F. Harder, Riley M. Chung

01 Dec 1985-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors clarified the meaning of the values of standard penetration resistance used in correlations of field observations of soil liquefaction with values of N1 measured in SPT tests.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the values of standard penetration resistance used in correlations of field observations of soil liquefaction with values of N1 measured in SPT tests. The field data are reinterpreted and plotted in terms of a newly recommended standard, (N1)60, determined in SPT tests where the driving energy in the drill rods is 60% of the theoretical free‐fall energy. Energies associated with different methods of performing SPT tests in different countries and with different equipment are summarized and can readily be used to convert any measured N‐value to the standard (N1)60 value. Liquefaction resistance curves for sands with different (N1)60 values and with different fines contents are proposed. It is believed that these curves are more reliable than previous curves expressed in terms of mean grain size. The results presented are in good accord with recommended practice in Japan and China and should, thus, provide a useful basis for liquefaction evaluations in ...

...read moreread less

1,180 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Soil classification using the cone penetration test

[...]

Peter K. Robertson

01 Feb 1990-Canadian Geotechnical Journal

TL;DR: In this paper, a new system based on normalized CPT data is proposed for evaluating soil type from electric cone penetration test (CPT) data, which is based on extensive data avail...

...read moreread less

Abstract: Several charts exist for evaluating soil type from electric cone penetration test (CPT) data. A new system is proposed based on normalized CPT data. The new charts are based on extensive data avail...

...read moreread less

911 citations

"Evaluating cyclic liquefaction pote..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The soil behaviour tye char by Robertson (1990) uses a normalized cone penetration resistance (Q) based on a simple linear stress exponent of n = 1....
[...]
...Variation of CPT soil behaviour tye index (Ie) with apparent fines content in or close to the nonnally consolidated zone of the soil behaviour chart by Roberton (1990). PI, plasticity index....
[...]